- Zhao, Yichao;
- Wang, Bo;
- Hojaiji, Hannaneh;
- Wang, Zhaoqing;
- Lin, Shuyu;
- Yeung, Christopher;
- Lin, Haisong;
- Nguyen, Peterson;
- Chiu, Kaili;
- Salahi, Kamyar;
- Cheng, Xuanbing;
- Tan, Jiawei;
- Cerrillos, Betto Alcitlali;
- Emaminejad, Sam
To render high-fidelity wearable biomarker data, understanding and engineering the information delivery pathway from epidermally retrieved biofluid to a readout unit are critical. By examining the biomarker information delivery pathway and recognizing near-zero strained regions within a microfluidic device, a strain-isolated pathway to preserve biomarker data fidelity is engineered. Accordingly, a generalizable and disposable freestanding electrochemical sensing system (FESS) is devised, which simultaneously facilitates sensing and out-of-plane signal interconnection with the aid of double-sided adhesion. The FESS serves as a foundation to realize a system-level design strategy, addressing the challenges of wearable biosensing, in the presence of motion, and integration with consumer electronics. To this end, a FESS-enabled smartwatch was developed, featuring sweat sampling, electrochemical sensing, and data display/transmission, all within a self-contained wearable platform. The FESS-enabled smartwatch was used to monitor the sweat metabolite profiles of individuals in sedentary and high-intensity exercise settings.