This MA thesis examines the existing body of knowledge of archaeology pertaining to ancient fisheries in Taiwan. Fish has been a main staple for coastal communities of Taiwan since the initial peopling of Taiwan during the Paleolithic period (30,000 BP) and remains an important economic resource in Taiwan today. In spite of the importance of fish as an economic resource, archaeologists have devoted little attention to prehistoric fisheries due to the lack of data. Moreover, prehistoric fisheries in Taiwan have undergone significant changes in the past due to the rapid and drastic environmental changes since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ~23,000 BP and the location of Taiwan on the tectonically active boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. To overcome this gap in knowledge, this thesis aims to comprehensively review the current advancements in the field of ichthyoarchaeology globally, and the (1) the geological history; (2) modern fisheries data; and (3) archaeological records of fish resource exploitation in the region. This review of the history of environmental, ecological, and cultural changes contributes to a comprehensive understanding of ancient fisheries in Taiwan. This information further sheds light on the range of pre-industrial ecological baselines of Taiwanese fisheries, and informs current and future conservation efforts, yielding vital insights into human adaptation amidst climate and environmental changes.