This unit begins a six-part section that reviews the spectrum of different applications of GIS. It characterizes the core groups of GIS activity in terms of three categories: (1) mature technologies that interact with GIS sharing its technology and creating data for it; (2) management and decision-making groups; and (3) science and research activities at universities and government labs. This unit focuses on the first category, exploring GIS applications in cartography, surveying and engineering, and remote sensing. Science and research activities are addressed, as well.