Decision-making relies on relevant sensory information, prior knowledge about the environment, pre-conceptions about the world, and potential costs and benefits associated with possible actions. Although much is known about each of these individual components, it has been difficult to study these processes from the molecular- and cellular-levels up to the system- and behavioral-levels within a single animal. One approach to understanding decision-making from micro- to macro-scales is to monitor the neural activity of a freely behaving animal while it makes decisions. Here, we set the framework for using foraging behaviors in the microscopic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a neuroethological model for investigating the neural mechanisms of decision-making. We review key literature in the field of foraging theory and what is known about how C. elegans locate food (food search), choose between different food types (dietary choice), and allocate time spent foraging within patches of food items (patch-leaving). Further, we share results of our investigation of how C. elegans make decisions to explore or exploit patches of food upon encounter. We find that C. elegans likely integrate information about current and recently encountered patches with internal signals of satiety to guide foraging decisions and implement an explore-then-exploit foraging strategy when food is sparse. We suggest that C. elegans is uniquely qualified as a model system for neuroethological investigations of behavior due to its numerically simple nervous system and plethora of genetic and microscopy tools and that recent advancements in these techniques combined with the robustness of their foraging decisions sets the stage for future studies of the neuronal mechanisms underlying decision-making.