A review of 46 activity-based models is conducted, detailing features that are required for homeland security applications. Two examples of homeland security studies are included to highlight these needs. This review demonstrates that only a few of the models have the desired characteristics of fine spatial and temporal resolutions. Because the criticality of locations varies due to time and/or the day of the week depending on the presence of individuals and the fact that potential targets are specific locations within a city, data needs for modeling these types of scenarios exceed typical planning and forecasting modeling as well as research modeling. A discussion of a homeland security-related modeling application conducted by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) using TRANSIMS for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is included to demonstrate the level of detail that is achieved using nationally available data sources. In addition, the literature contains many data and information gaps including virtually non-existent models of security, identifying and inventorying residential locations, inclusion of more time constraints in models, modeling short-term changes in land use, carefully identifying and filling in missing sub-populations in surveys, accounting for fleets, services, and goods in models, better modeling of inter- and intra-household interactions, including weekly and seasonal variations in travel behavior, and developing a new paradigm for activity scheduling in panic and emergency situations.

Formulation and specification of activity analysis models require better understanding of time allocation behavior that goes beyond the more recent within household analyses to understand selfish and altruistic behavior and how this relates to travel behavior. Using data from 1471 persons in a recent two-day time use/activity diary and latent class cluster analysis we identify eleven distinct daily behaviors that span from the intensely self-serving to intensely altruistic. Predicted cluster membership is then used to study within household interactions. The analysis shows strong correlation exists between social role and patterns of altruistic behavior. However, a substantial amount of heterogeneity is also found within social roles. In addition, travel behavior is also very different among altruistic and self-serving time allocation groups. At the household level, a substantial number of households contain persons with similar behavior. Another group of households contains a mix of self-serving and altruistic persons that follow specialized household roles within their households. The majority of households, however, are populated by altruistic persons. Single person households are more likely to be in the self-serving groups but not in their entirety. Altruism at home is directed most often toward the immediate family members. This is less pronounced when we examine altruistic acts outside the home.