Currently, the only way to identify the extent of coral stress is through visually observable decreases in coral coloration as a product of coral bleaching. However, by the time bleaching has been initiated, the coral may already be in such a deleterious state that it may be difficult for it to recover if or when the stress factors are removed. Having the ability to identify when the coral is in the early stages of stress would be beneficial in managing and, eventually, restoring coral reefs. Fluorescent proteins make up roughly 20% of the total soluble proteins in corals but, despite the abundance of fluorescent proteins in corals, their physiological roles are still not well understood. However, they have previously been hypothesized to function as photo- protective ROS scavengers, photo-enhancers, and light- driven proton pumps. This study aims to quantify changes in fluorescence in corals exposed to CO₂-induced ocean acidification (OA) conditions over the course of 31 days with three realistic pH conditions under controlled laboratory settings. This study shows that the intensity of green fluorescence declined in the coral's chronic response to decreased pH (increased CO₂), while the color under bright field did not pale. Towards the end of the experiment, fluorescence in the corals under OA treatment showed no increase in fluorescence and did not reach the level of the control corals. With regards to their calcification, it was found that corals exposed to OA were able to grow just as well as the corals kept in control conditions for most of the experiment, suggesting that corals have mechanisms to cope with short-term OA. However, growth did decline after a one-month of exposure to OA. This study also found that SOD activity increased rapidly and consistently maintained a high level of scavenging in response to OA. On the other hand, exposure to OA was not correlated to the overall abundance of VHA, an enzyme proposed to be involved in carbon-concentrating for zooxanthellae photosynthesis. This may imply that corals are able to buffer the effects of OA for their zooxanthellae in order to maintain their symbiotic relationship. Overall, this study highlights the effectiveness of green fluorescence in corals as an early proxy to stress levels and an indicator to potential long- term physiological effects

Subcutaneous edema as a presenting feature of dermatomyositis has infrequently been described and is thought to signify a more aggressive disease course. We report a case involving a 38-year-old man who presented with significant subcutaneous edema involving his neck and upper body; he later developed clinical features and biopsy results consistent with dermatomyositis. Only sixteen previous cases of dermatomyositis with subcutaneous edema involving adults have been published in the literature and we aim to review disease progression, prognosis, and optimal treatment of the condition.

Calcified marine organisms typically experience increased oxidative stress and changes in mineralization in response to ocean acidification and warming conditions. These effects could hinder the potency of animal weapons, such as the mantis shrimp's raptorial appendage. The mechanical properties of this calcified weapon enable extremely powerful punches to be delivered to prey and aggressors. We examined oxidative stress and exoskeleton structure, mineral content, and mechanical properties of the raptorial appendage and the carapace under long-term ocean acidification and warming conditions. The predatory appendage had significantly higher % Mg under ocean acidification conditions, while oxidative stress levels as well as the % Ca and mechanical properties of the appendage remained unchanged. Thus, mantis shrimp tolerate expanded ranges of pH and temperature without experiencing oxidative stress or functional changes to their weapons. Our findings suggest that these powerful predators will not be hindered under future ocean conditions.