The subtropical western boundary currents (WBCs) in the upper-ocean and deep western boundary currents (DWBCs) in the deep-ocean are large-scale ocean currents located on the western side of the world’s major ocean basins. These currents redistribute oceanic mass and heat around the globe and exert a sizeable influence on climate variability. However, due to their complexity, both WBCs and DWBCs are difficult to observe across multiple time and space scales. This dissertation therefore sets out to explore WBC and DWBC variability, and the impacts of this variability, from seasonal to multi-decadal and from local to basin scales. To achieve this goal, a suite of complementary global ocean observing platforms is used to study the Agulhas Current in the Indian Ocean, and the East Australian Current (EAC), Kuroshio, and Southwest Pacific Basin DWBC in the Pacific Ocean.
Chapter 1 examines transport trends and seasonality in the Agulhas Current, EAC, and Kuroshio. Over the 16-year time series – longer than most other time series of subsurface WBC velocity – a decreasing trend in Kuroshio transport was found. There were no significant trends in Agulhas Current or EAC transport.
Chapter 2 examines the occurrence of subsurface marine heatwaves (MHWs) along a transect intersecting the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension. Using a novel 30-year synthetic temperature time series, subsurface MHWs were found to occur significantly more often during El Niño periods due to a strengthening of the Kuroshio Extension and its Southern Recirculation Gyre. This was a surprising result given that surface MHW occurrence along the transect is not influenced by El Niño.
Lastly, Chapter 3 examines flow pathways, turbulent mixing, and seasonality in the Southwest Pacific Basin DWBC. Deep Argo observations confirmed the existence of a previously hypothesised cyclonic circulation over the Kermadec Trench. While, inside the northern Kermadec Trench, seasonal heaving within the DWBC was discovered to be driven by local Ekman pumping at the surface. Finally, the deep-ocean salinity maximum was eroded as the DWBC exited the Kermadec Trench to the north, thus revealing the Louisville Seamount Chain collision zone as a previously unidentified region of enhanced deep-ocean mixing.