K-12 Racial Disparities in School Discipline
Parent: The Civil Rights Project / Proyecto Derechos Civiles
eScholarship stats: Breakdown by Item for May through August, 2026
| Item | Title | Total requests | Download | View-only | %Dnld |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2t36g571 | Are We Closing the School Discipline Gap? | 605 | 357 | 248 | 59.0% |
| 3g36n0c3 | Opportunities Suspended: The Disparate Impact of Disciplinary Exclusion from School | 430 | 256 | 174 | 59.5% |
| 8pd0s08z | Out of School and Off Track: The Overuse of Suspensions in American Middle and High Schools | 386 | 203 | 183 | 52.6% |
| 7hm2456z | Lost Opportunities: How Disparate School Discipline Continues to Drive Differences in the Opportunity to Learn | 385 | 225 | 160 | 58.4% |
| 8fh0s5dv | Suspended Education: Urban Middle Schools in Crisis | 381 | 117 | 264 | 30.7% |
| 0d4807x3 | Racial Disparities in School Suspension and Subsequent Outcomes: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 | 299 | 73 | 226 | 24.4% |
| 85m2m6sj | The High Cost Of Harsh Discipline And Its Disparate Impact | 278 | 89 | 189 | 32.0% |
| 9d19p8wt | The Striking Outlier: The Persistent, Painful and Problematic Practice of Corporal Punishment in Schools | 263 | 93 | 170 | 35.4% |
| 6kw7w8s8 | Dignity, Disparity and Desistance: Effective Restorative Justice Strategies to Plug the "School-to-Prison Pipeline" | 224 | 69 | 155 | 30.8% |
| 0x36s2wf | The Hidden Cost of California's Harsh School Discipline | 218 | 59 | 159 | 27.1% |
| 4pw0d5n8 | Misbehavior, Suspensions, and Security Measures in High School: Racial/Ethnic and Gender Differences | 207 | 83 | 124 | 40.1% |
| 7td9r8gq | Lost Instruction Time in California Schools: The Disparate Harm from Post-Pandemic Punitive Suspensions | 202 | 97 | 105 | 48.0% |
| 8mv1z75k | Reconsidering the Alternatives: The Relationship between Suspension, Disciplinary Alternative School Placement, Subsequent Juvenile Detention, and the Salience of Race | 201 | 68 | 133 | 33.8% |
| 1x66c4n2 | Is California Doing Enough to Close the School Discipline Gap? | 200 | 105 | 95 | 52.5% |
| 7zc0c135 | The Economic Effects of Exclusionary Discipline on Grade Retention and High School Dropout | 188 | 78 | 110 | 41.5% |
| 9rw655w8 | Disturbing Inequities: Exploring the Relationship Between Racial Disparities in Special Education Identification and Discipline | 186 | 75 | 111 | 40.3% |
| 65x5j31h | Charter Schools, Civil Rights and School Discipline: A Comprehensive Review | 182 | 72 | 110 | 39.6% |
| 99v051v1 | Opportunities Suspended: The Devastating Consequences of Zero Tolerance and School Discipline | 181 | 65 | 116 | 35.9% |
| 8fb9x11w | The Costs of High School Failure and School Suspensions for the State of California | 180 | 49 | 131 | 27.2% |
| 0c39d30h | Researchers Responses to Critiques of Our Study, "Charter Schools, Civil Rights and School Discipline: A Comprehensive Report." | 160 | 59 | 101 | 36.9% |
| 50b4g9h1 | The Unequal Impact of Suspension on the Opportunity to Learn in CA | 157 | 49 | 108 | 31.2% |
| 2mx8c60x | What Conditions Jeopardize and Support Safety in Urban Schools? The Influence of Community Characteristics, School Composition and School Organizational Practices on Student and Teacher Reports of Safety in Chicago | 154 | 39 | 115 | 25.3% |
| 5wh4x276 | Lost Instruction: The Disparate Impact of the School Discipline Gap in California | 137 | 53 | 84 | 38.7% |
| 4sq993qd | Sent Home and Put Off-Track: The Antecedents, Disproportionalities, and Consequences of Being Suspended in the Ninth Grade | 135 | 34 | 101 | 25.2% |
| 65w0k9tm | Closing the School Discipline Gap in California: Signs of Progress | 132 | 36 | 96 | 27.3% |
| 18h2929c | Student Threat Assessment as a Method of Reducing Student Suspensions | 129 | 44 | 85 | 34.1% |
| 9dh9k3bq | Where Should We Intervene? Contributions of Behavior, Student, and School Characteristics to Suspension and Expulsion | 127 | 60 | 67 | 47.2% |
| 7xv434vq | Update to Lost Instruction Time in California Schools | 126 | 39 | 87 | 31.0% |
| 9148d09q | Suspended Education in California | 124 | 36 | 88 | 29.0% |
| 35z7c5sh | The Effectiveness of School-wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports for Reducing Racially Inequitable Disciplinary Exclusions in Middle Schools | 121 | 42 | 79 | 34.7% |
| 8kr718bx | Unmasking School Discipline Disparities in California: What the 2019-2020 Data Can Tell Us About Problems and Progress | 119 | 38 | 81 | 31.9% |
| 2x35t1tf | Discipline and Participation: The Long-Term Effects of Suspension and School Security on the Political and Civic Engagement of Youth | 115 | 32 | 83 | 27.8% |
| 8cj0n19m | The Economic Burden of High School Dropouts and School Suspensions in Florida | 115 | 67 | 48 | 58.3% |
| 46c8z6z2 | A Mixed Methods Approach Examining Disproportionality in School Discipline | 111 | 27 | 84 | 24.3% |
| 6n84676s | Reducing Suspension among Academically Disengaged Black Males | 110 | 28 | 82 | 25.5% |
| 2pw440h5 | Disabling Inequity: The Urgent Need for Race-Conscious Resource Remedies | 106 | 0 | 106 | 0.0% |
| 5437259j | Nationwide Survey of State Education Agencies’ Online School Disciplinary Data | 103 | 32 | 71 | 31.1% |
| 0wq1s982 | Nationwide Survey of State Education Agencies’ Online School Disciplinary Data for Students with Disabilities | 94 | 27 | 67 | 28.7% |
| 3687h8gz | Keeping California's Kids in School | 94 | 30 | 64 | 31.9% |
| 2d18x1jb | Making Education Work for Latinas in the U.S. | 75 | 30 | 45 | 40.0% |
| 8855x4xk | Examining Disproportionality in School Discipline Practices for Native American Students in Canadian Schools Implementing PBIS | 70 | 25 | 45 | 35.7% |
| 7wc935jg | Towards Identifying School-level Factors Reducing Disciplinary Exclusions of American Indian/Alaska Native Students | 67 | 14 | 53 | 20.9% |
| 80x0r63x | The Promise of a Teacher Professional Development Program in Reducing the Racial Disparity in Classroom Exclusionary Discipline | 28 | 0 | 28 | 0.0% |
| 2qw5d0rg | Avoid Simple Solutions and Quick Fixes: Lessons Learned from a Comprehensive Districtwide Approach to Improving Conditions for Learning | 26 | 0 | 26 | 0.0% |
| 4tx3p7tk | Suspended Education in Massachusetts: Using Days of Lost Instruction Due to Suspension to Evaluate Our Schools | 25 | 0 | 25 | 0.0% |
Note: Due to the evolving nature of web traffic, the data presented here should be considered approximate and subject to revision. Learn more.