K-12 Racial Disparities in School Discipline
Parent: The Civil Rights Project / Proyecto Derechos Civiles
eScholarship stats: Breakdown by Item for March through June, 2025
| Item | Title | Total requests | Download | View-only | %Dnld |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2t36g571 | Are We Closing the School Discipline Gap? | 458 | 109 | 349 | 23.8% |
| 8fh0s5dv | Suspended Education: Urban Middle Schools in Crisis | 416 | 80 | 336 | 19.2% |
| 3g36n0c3 | Opportunities Suspended: The Disparate Impact of Disciplinary Exclusion from School | 400 | 195 | 205 | 48.8% |
| 7hm2456z | Lost Opportunities: How Disparate School Discipline Continues to Drive Differences in the Opportunity to Learn | 397 | 191 | 206 | 48.1% |
| 8pd0s08z | Out of School and Off Track: The Overuse of Suspensions in American Middle and High Schools | 310 | 83 | 227 | 26.8% |
| 9rw655w8 | Disturbing Inequities: Exploring the Relationship Between Racial Disparities in Special Education Identification and Discipline | 287 | 101 | 186 | 35.2% |
| 6kw7w8s8 | Dignity, Disparity and Desistance: Effective Restorative Justice Strategies to Plug the "School-to-Prison Pipeline" | 178 | 27 | 151 | 15.2% |
| 7zc0c135 | The Economic Effects of Exclusionary Discipline on Grade Retention and High School Dropout | 142 | 53 | 89 | 37.3% |
| 4pw0d5n8 | Misbehavior, Suspensions, and Security Measures in High School: Racial/Ethnic and Gender Differences | 137 | 39 | 98 | 28.5% |
| 1x66c4n2 | Is California Doing Enough to Close the School Discipline Gap? | 127 | 56 | 71 | 44.1% |
| 0x36s2wf | The Hidden Cost of California's Harsh School Discipline | 114 | 50 | 64 | 43.9% |
| 0d4807x3 | Racial Disparities in School Suspension and Subsequent Outcomes: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 | 113 | 25 | 88 | 22.1% |
| 5wh4x276 | Lost Instruction: The Disparate Impact of the School Discipline Gap in California | 112 | 37 | 75 | 33.0% |
| 65x5j31h | Charter Schools, Civil Rights and School Discipline: A Comprehensive Review | 108 | 23 | 85 | 21.3% |
| 7td9r8gq | Lost Instruction Time in California Schools: The Disparate Harm from Post-Pandemic Punitive Suspensions | 108 | 22 | 86 | 20.4% |
| 8kr718bx | Unmasking School Discipline Disparities in California: What the 2019-2020 Data Can Tell Us About Problems and Progress | 108 | 15 | 93 | 13.9% |
| 85m2m6sj | The High Cost Of Harsh Discipline And Its Disparate Impact | 105 | 42 | 63 | 40.0% |
| 8mv1z75k | Reconsidering the Alternatives: The Relationship between Suspension, Disciplinary Alternative School Placement, Subsequent Juvenile Detention, and the Salience of Race | 103 | 25 | 78 | 24.3% |
| 9d19p8wt | The Striking Outlier: The Persistent, Painful and Problematic Practice of Corporal Punishment in Schools | 98 | 24 | 74 | 24.5% |
| 99v051v1 | Opportunities Suspended: The Devastating Consequences of Zero Tolerance and School Discipline | 96 | 19 | 77 | 19.8% |
| 2d18x1jb | Making Education Work for Latinas in the U.S. | 86 | 12 | 74 | 14.0% |
| 2pw440h5 | Disabling Inequity: The Urgent Need for Race-Conscious Resource Remedies | 78 | 0 | 78 | 0.0% |
| 2mx8c60x | What Conditions Jeopardize and Support Safety in Urban Schools? The Influence of Community Characteristics, School Composition and School Organizational Practices on Student and Teacher Reports of Safety in Chicago | 72 | 14 | 58 | 19.4% |
| 2x35t1tf | Discipline and Participation: The Long-Term Effects of Suspension and School Security on the Political and Civic Engagement of Youth | 72 | 33 | 39 | 45.8% |
| 35z7c5sh | The Effectiveness of School-wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports for Reducing Racially Inequitable Disciplinary Exclusions in Middle Schools | 63 | 8 | 55 | 12.7% |
| 18h2929c | Student Threat Assessment as a Method of Reducing Student Suspensions | 62 | 12 | 50 | 19.4% |
| 4sq993qd | Sent Home and Put Off-Track: The Antecedents, Disproportionalities, and Consequences of Being Suspended in the Ninth Grade | 61 | 5 | 56 | 8.2% |
| 65w0k9tm | Closing the School Discipline Gap in California: Signs of Progress | 61 | 10 | 51 | 16.4% |
| 3687h8gz | Keeping California's Kids in School | 59 | 23 | 36 | 39.0% |
| 8cj0n19m | The Economic Burden of High School Dropouts and School Suspensions in Florida | 58 | 19 | 39 | 32.8% |
| 7wc935jg | Towards Identifying School-level Factors Reducing Disciplinary Exclusions of American Indian/Alaska Native Students | 56 | 6 | 50 | 10.7% |
| 5437259j | Nationwide Survey of State Education Agencies’ Online School Disciplinary Data | 55 | 2 | 53 | 3.6% |
| 9148d09q | Suspended Education in California | 53 | 9 | 44 | 17.0% |
| 6n84676s | Reducing Suspension among Academically Disengaged Black Males | 52 | 3 | 49 | 5.8% |
| 46c8z6z2 | A Mixed Methods Approach Examining Disproportionality in School Discipline | 49 | 5 | 44 | 10.2% |
| 9dh9k3bq | Where Should We Intervene? Contributions of Behavior, Student, and School Characteristics to Suspension and Expulsion | 48 | 6 | 42 | 12.5% |
| 8fb9x11w | The Costs of High School Failure and School Suspensions for the State of California | 47 | 9 | 38 | 19.1% |
| 0c39d30h | Researchers Responses to Critiques of Our Study, "Charter Schools, Civil Rights and School Discipline: A Comprehensive Report." | 46 | 5 | 41 | 10.9% |
| 0wq1s982 | Nationwide Survey of State Education Agencies’ Online School Disciplinary Data for Students with Disabilities | 44 | 3 | 41 | 6.8% |
| 50b4g9h1 | The Unequal Impact of Suspension on the Opportunity to Learn in CA | 44 | 6 | 38 | 13.6% |
| 7xv434vq | Update to Lost Instruction Time in California Schools | 41 | 3 | 38 | 7.3% |
| 80x0r63x | The Promise of a Teacher Professional Development Program in Reducing the Racial Disparity in Classroom Exclusionary Discipline | 39 | 0 | 39 | 0.0% |
| 8855x4xk | Examining Disproportionality in School Discipline Practices for Native American Students in Canadian Schools Implementing PBIS | 37 | 6 | 31 | 16.2% |
| 4tx3p7tk | Suspended Education in Massachusetts: Using Days of Lost Instruction Due to Suspension to Evaluate Our Schools | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0.0% |
| 2qw5d0rg | Avoid Simple Solutions and Quick Fixes: Lessons Learned from a Comprehensive Districtwide Approach to Improving Conditions for Learning | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0.0% |
Note: Due to the evolving nature of web traffic, the data presented here should be considered approximate and subject to revision. Learn more.