K-12 Racial Disparities in School Discipline

Parent: The Civil Rights Project / Proyecto Derechos Civiles

eScholarship stats: History by Item for May through August, 2026

ItemTitleTotal requests2026-082026-072026-062026-05
2t36g571Are We Closing the School Discipline Gap?605178143126158
3g36n0c3Opportunities Suspended: The Disparate Impact of Disciplinary Exclusion from School4301519171117
8pd0s08zOut of School and Off Track: The Overuse of Suspensions in American Middle and High Schools3869672106112
7hm2456zLost Opportunities: How Disparate School Discipline Continues to Drive Differences in the Opportunity to Learn3851227374116
8fh0s5dvSuspended Education: Urban Middle Schools in Crisis3819867108108
0d4807x3Racial Disparities in School Suspension and Subsequent Outcomes: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997299686664101
85m2m6sjThe High Cost Of Harsh Discipline And Its Disparate Impact278137444057
9d19p8wtThe Striking Outlier: The Persistent, Painful and Problematic Practice of Corporal Punishment in Schools263107405165
6kw7w8s8Dignity, Disparity and Desistance: Effective Restorative Justice Strategies to Plug the "School-to-Prison Pipeline"22452793558
0x36s2wfThe Hidden Cost of California's Harsh School Discipline21869213593
4pw0d5n8Misbehavior, Suspensions, and Security Measures in High School: Racial/Ethnic and Gender Differences20760244281
7td9r8gqLost Instruction Time in California Schools: The Disparate Harm from Post-Pandemic Punitive Suspensions202511730104
8mv1z75kReconsidering the Alternatives: The Relationship between Suspension, Disciplinary Alternative School Placement, Subsequent Juvenile Detention, and the Salience of Race20161295457
1x66c4n2Is California Doing Enough to Close the School Discipline Gap?20052433966
7zc0c135The Economic Effects of Exclusionary Discipline on Grade Retention and High School Dropout18874193263
9rw655w8Disturbing Inequities: Exploring the Relationship Between Racial Disparities in Special Education Identification and Discipline18638284872
65x5j31hCharter Schools, Civil Rights and School Discipline: A Comprehensive Review18270282658
99v051v1Opportunities Suspended: The Devastating Consequences of Zero Tolerance and School Discipline18135205274
8fb9x11wThe Costs of High School Failure and School Suspensions for the State of California18073242162
0c39d30hResearchers Responses to Critiques of Our Study, "Charter Schools, Civil Rights and School Discipline: A Comprehensive Report."16023203978
50b4g9h1The Unequal Impact of Suspension on the Opportunity to Learn in CA1576673648
2mx8c60xWhat Conditions Jeopardize and Support Safety in Urban Schools? The Influence of Community Characteristics, School Composition and School Organizational Practices on Student and Teacher Reports of Safety in Chicago15457173644
5wh4x276Lost Instruction: The Disparate Impact of the School Discipline Gap in California13746212248
4sq993qdSent Home and Put Off-Track: The Antecedents, Disproportionalities, and Consequences of Being Suspended in the Ninth Grade13529212659
65w0k9tmClosing the School Discipline Gap in California: Signs of Progress13235211759
18h2929cStudent Threat Assessment as a Method of Reducing Student Suspensions12938291745
9dh9k3bqWhere Should We Intervene? Contributions of Behavior, Student, and School Characteristics to Suspension and Expulsion12728321651
7xv434vqUpdate to Lost Instruction Time in California Schools1263173652
9148d09qSuspended Education in California12442192835
35z7c5shThe Effectiveness of School-wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports for Reducing Racially Inequitable Disciplinary Exclusions in Middle Schools12137231942
8kr718bxUnmasking School Discipline Disparities in California:  What the 2019-2020 Data Can Tell Us About Problems and Progress11925112855
2x35t1tfDiscipline and Participation: The Long-Term Effects of Suspension and School Security on the Political and Civic Engagement of Youth11534201546
8cj0n19mThe Economic Burden of High School Dropouts and School Suspensions in Florida11534191943
46c8z6z2A Mixed Methods Approach Examining Disproportionality in School Discipline1113273042
6n84676sReducing Suspension among Academically Disengaged Black Males1103091853
2pw440h5Disabling Inequity: The Urgent Need for Race-Conscious Resource Remedies10618123541
5437259jNationwide Survey of State Education Agencies’ Online School Disciplinary Data 1032871949
0wq1s982Nationwide Survey of State Education Agencies’ Online School Disciplinary Data for Students with Disabilities 941292350
3687h8gzKeeping California's Kids in School942092342
2d18x1jbMaking Education Work for Latinas in the U.S.751271937
8855x4xkExamining Disproportionality in School Discipline Practices for Native American Students in Canadian Schools Implementing PBIS701461634
7wc935jgTowards Identifying School-level Factors Reducing Disciplinary Exclusions of American Indian/Alaska Native Students67861241
80x0r63xThe Promise of a Teacher Professional Development Program in Reducing the Racial Disparity in Classroom Exclusionary Discipline2856107
2qw5d0rgAvoid Simple Solutions and Quick Fixes: Lessons Learned from a Comprehensive Districtwide Approach to Improving Conditions for Learning2610556
4tx3p7tkSuspended Education in Massachusetts: Using Days of Lost Instruction Due to Suspension to Evaluate Our Schools2584103
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