K-12 Racial Disparities in School Discipline
Parent: The Civil Rights Project / Proyecto Derechos Civiles
eScholarship stats: History by Item for March through June, 2025
| Item | Title | Total requests | 2025-06 | 2025-05 | 2025-04 | 2025-03 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2t36g571 | Are We Closing the School Discipline Gap? | 442 | 113 | 89 | 100 | 140 |
| 8fh0s5dv | Suspended Education: Urban Middle Schools in Crisis | 408 | 84 | 136 | 84 | 104 |
| 3g36n0c3 | Opportunities Suspended: The Disparate Impact of Disciplinary Exclusion from School | 388 | 84 | 89 | 95 | 120 |
| 7hm2456z | Lost Opportunities: How Disparate School Discipline Continues to Drive Differences in the Opportunity to Learn | 378 | 97 | 61 | 100 | 120 |
| 8pd0s08z | Out of School and Off Track: The Overuse of Suspensions in American Middle and High Schools | 300 | 76 | 54 | 94 | 76 |
| 9rw655w8 | Disturbing Inequities: Exploring the Relationship Between Racial Disparities in Special Education Identification and Discipline | 279 | 56 | 63 | 82 | 78 |
| 6kw7w8s8 | Dignity, Disparity and Desistance: Effective Restorative Justice Strategies to Plug the "School-to-Prison Pipeline" | 176 | 38 | 43 | 41 | 54 |
| 7zc0c135 | The Economic Effects of Exclusionary Discipline on Grade Retention and High School Dropout | 138 | 41 | 32 | 41 | 24 |
| 4pw0d5n8 | Misbehavior, Suspensions, and Security Measures in High School: Racial/Ethnic and Gender Differences | 129 | 34 | 17 | 30 | 48 |
| 1x66c4n2 | Is California Doing Enough to Close the School Discipline Gap? | 120 | 41 | 41 | 20 | 18 |
| 0x36s2wf | The Hidden Cost of California's Harsh School Discipline | 112 | 65 | 16 | 17 | 14 |
| 0d4807x3 | Racial Disparities in School Suspension and Subsequent Outcomes: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 | 110 | 26 | 33 | 33 | 18 |
| 5wh4x276 | Lost Instruction: The Disparate Impact of the School Discipline Gap in California | 108 | 26 | 26 | 32 | 24 |
| 65x5j31h | Charter Schools, Civil Rights and School Discipline: A Comprehensive Review | 103 | 39 | 18 | 21 | 25 |
| 7td9r8gq | Lost Instruction Time in California Schools: The Disparate Harm from Post-Pandemic Punitive Suspensions | 101 | 30 | 20 | 19 | 32 |
| 85m2m6sj | The High Cost Of Harsh Discipline And Its Disparate Impact | 100 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 27 |
| 8kr718bx | Unmasking School Discipline Disparities in California: What the 2019-2020 Data Can Tell Us About Problems and Progress | 98 | 32 | 24 | 17 | 25 |
| 8mv1z75k | Reconsidering the Alternatives: The Relationship between Suspension, Disciplinary Alternative School Placement, Subsequent Juvenile Detention, and the Salience of Race | 94 | 17 | 29 | 22 | 26 |
| 99v051v1 | Opportunities Suspended: The Devastating Consequences of Zero Tolerance and School Discipline | 90 | 38 | 20 | 11 | 21 |
| 9d19p8wt | The Striking Outlier: The Persistent, Painful and Problematic Practice of Corporal Punishment in Schools | 87 | 31 | 25 | 11 | 20 |
| 2d18x1jb | Making Education Work for Latinas in the U.S. | 84 | 32 | 18 | 14 | 20 |
| 2pw440h5 | Disabling Inequity: The Urgent Need for Race-Conscious Resource Remedies | 73 | 18 | 29 | 12 | 14 |
| 2mx8c60x | What Conditions Jeopardize and Support Safety in Urban Schools? The Influence of Community Characteristics, School Composition and School Organizational Practices on Student and Teacher Reports of Safety in Chicago | 72 | 18 | 13 | 24 | 17 |
| 2x35t1tf | Discipline and Participation: The Long-Term Effects of Suspension and School Security on the Political and Civic Engagement of Youth | 71 | 41 | 13 | 6 | 11 |
| 35z7c5sh | The Effectiveness of School-wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports for Reducing Racially Inequitable Disciplinary Exclusions in Middle Schools | 62 | 22 | 15 | 11 | 14 |
| 18h2929c | Student Threat Assessment as a Method of Reducing Student Suspensions | 61 | 23 | 18 | 12 | 8 |
| 4sq993qd | Sent Home and Put Off-Track: The Antecedents, Disproportionalities, and Consequences of Being Suspended in the Ninth Grade | 60 | 16 | 22 | 13 | 9 |
| 3687h8gz | Keeping California's Kids in School | 58 | 49 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| 65w0k9tm | Closing the School Discipline Gap in California: Signs of Progress | 58 | 35 | 11 | 5 | 7 |
| 8cj0n19m | The Economic Burden of High School Dropouts and School Suspensions in Florida | 57 | 19 | 17 | 12 | 9 |
| 7wc935jg | Towards Identifying School-level Factors Reducing Disciplinary Exclusions of American Indian/Alaska Native Students | 53 | 30 | 5 | 4 | 14 |
| 5437259j | Nationwide Survey of State Education Agencies’ Online School Disciplinary Data | 52 | 25 | 8 | 6 | 13 |
| 9148d09q | Suspended Education in California | 52 | 16 | 14 | 9 | 13 |
| 6n84676s | Reducing Suspension among Academically Disengaged Black Males | 51 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 20 |
| 46c8z6z2 | A Mixed Methods Approach Examining Disproportionality in School Discipline | 46 | 15 | 14 | 6 | 11 |
| 8fb9x11w | The Costs of High School Failure and School Suspensions for the State of California | 45 | 15 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| 9dh9k3bq | Where Should We Intervene? Contributions of Behavior, Student, and School Characteristics to Suspension and Expulsion | 45 | 23 | 4 | 9 | 9 |
| 50b4g9h1 | The Unequal Impact of Suspension on the Opportunity to Learn in CA | 44 | 22 | 11 | 8 | 3 |
| 0wq1s982 | Nationwide Survey of State Education Agencies’ Online School Disciplinary Data for Students with Disabilities | 43 | 17 | 9 | 6 | 11 |
| 0c39d30h | Researchers Responses to Critiques of Our Study, "Charter Schools, Civil Rights and School Discipline: A Comprehensive Report." | 42 | 18 | 11 | 3 | 10 |
| 7xv434vq | Update to Lost Instruction Time in California Schools | 38 | 13 | 9 | 9 | 7 |
| 80x0r63x | The Promise of a Teacher Professional Development Program in Reducing the Racial Disparity in Classroom Exclusionary Discipline | 38 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 7 |
| 8855x4xk | Examining Disproportionality in School Discipline Practices for Native American Students in Canadian Schools Implementing PBIS | 37 | 22 | 7 | 6 | 2 |
| 4tx3p7tk | Suspended Education in Massachusetts: Using Days of Lost Instruction Due to Suspension to Evaluate Our Schools | 7 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
| 2qw5d0rg | Avoid Simple Solutions and Quick Fixes: Lessons Learned from a Comprehensive Districtwide Approach to Improving Conditions for Learning | 6 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
Note: Due to the evolving nature of web traffic, the data presented here should be considered approximate and subject to revision. Learn more.