K-12 Racial Disparities in School Discipline

Parent: The Civil Rights Project / Proyecto Derechos Civiles

eScholarship stats: History by Item for March through June, 2026

Item	Title	Total requests	2026-06	2026-05	2026-04	2026-03
2t36g571	Are We Closing the School Discipline Gap?	644	126	158	210	150
7hm2456z	Lost Opportunities: How Disparate School Discipline Continues to Drive Differences in the Opportunity to Learn	464	74	116	133	141
8pd0s08z	Out of School and Off Track: The Overuse of Suspensions in American Middle and High Schools	446	106	112	130	98
8fh0s5dv	Suspended Education: Urban Middle Schools in Crisis	440	108	108	125	99
3g36n0c3	Opportunities Suspended: The Disparate Impact of Disciplinary Exclusion from School	401	71	117	104	109
0d4807x3	Racial Disparities in School Suspension and Subsequent Outcomes: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997	342	64	101	86	91
99v051v1	Opportunities Suspended: The Devastating Consequences of Zero Tolerance and School Discipline	321	52	74	99	96
9rw655w8	Disturbing Inequities: Exploring the Relationship Between Racial Disparities in Special Education Identification and Discipline	278	48	72	89	69
9d19p8wt	The Striking Outlier: The Persistent, Painful and Problematic Practice of Corporal Punishment in Schools	251	51	65	63	72
7td9r8gq	Lost Instruction Time in California Schools: The Disparate Harm from Post-Pandemic Punitive Suspensions	247	30	104	58	55
1x66c4n2	Is California Doing Enough to Close the School Discipline Gap?	228	39	66	64	59
85m2m6sj	The High Cost Of Harsh Discipline And Its Disparate Impact	221	40	57	65	59
4pw0d5n8	Misbehavior, Suspensions, and Security Measures in High School: Racial/Ethnic and Gender Differences	219	42	81	56	40
8mv1z75k	Reconsidering the Alternatives: The Relationship between Suspension, Disciplinary Alternative School Placement, Subsequent Juvenile Detention, and the Salience of Race	214	54	57	48	55
6kw7w8s8	Dignity, Disparity and Desistance: Effective Restorative Justice Strategies to Plug the "School-to-Prison Pipeline"	212	35	58	64	55
8kr718bx	Unmasking School Discipline Disparities in California:  What the 2019-2020 Data Can Tell Us About Problems and Progress	204	28	55	45	76
0x36s2wf	The Hidden Cost of California's Harsh School Discipline	191	35	93	30	33
0c39d30h	Researchers Responses to Critiques of Our Study, "Charter Schools, Civil Rights and School Discipline: A Comprehensive Report."	188	39	78	38	33
8fb9x11w	The Costs of High School Failure and School Suspensions for the State of California	185	21	62	65	37
65x5j31h	Charter Schools, Civil Rights and School Discipline: A Comprehensive Review	184	26	58	48	52
4sq993qd	Sent Home and Put Off-Track: The Antecedents, Disproportionalities, and Consequences of Being Suspended in the Ninth Grade	176	26	59	49	42
7zc0c135	The Economic Effects of Exclusionary Discipline on Grade Retention and High School Dropout	174	32	63	42	37
7xv434vq	Update to Lost Instruction Time in California Schools	168	36	52	34	46
5wh4x276	Lost Instruction: The Disparate Impact of the School Discipline Gap in California	166	22	48	47	49
9dh9k3bq	Where Should We Intervene? Contributions of Behavior, Student, and School Characteristics to Suspension and Expulsion	162	16	51	42	53
2mx8c60x	What Conditions Jeopardize and Support Safety in Urban Schools? The Influence of Community Characteristics, School Composition and School Organizational Practices on Student and Teacher Reports of Safety in Chicago	158	36	44	42	36
6n84676s	Reducing Suspension among Academically Disengaged Black Males	156	18	53	49	36
2x35t1tf	Discipline and Participation: The Long-Term Effects of Suspension and School Security on the Political and Civic Engagement of Youth	145	15	46	50	34
35z7c5sh	The Effectiveness of School-wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports for Reducing Racially Inequitable Disciplinary Exclusions in Middle Schools	145	19	42	45	39
2pw440h5	Disabling Inequity: The Urgent Need for Race-Conscious Resource Remedies	144	35	41	35	33
50b4g9h1	The Unequal Impact of Suspension on the Opportunity to Learn in CA	142	36	48	37	21
46c8z6z2	A Mixed Methods Approach Examining Disproportionality in School Discipline	137	30	42	35	30
0wq1s982	Nationwide Survey of State Education Agencies’ Online School Disciplinary Data for Students with Disabilities	134	23	50	25	36
5437259j	Nationwide Survey of State Education Agencies’ Online School Disciplinary Data	134	19	49	29	37
9148d09q	Suspended Education in California	133	28	35	31	39
65w0k9tm	Closing the School Discipline Gap in California: Signs of Progress	132	17	59	37	19
8cj0n19m	The Economic Burden of High School Dropouts and School Suspensions in Florida	132	19	43	45	25
18h2929c	Student Threat Assessment as a Method of Reducing Student Suspensions	130	17	45	40	28
3687h8gz	Keeping California's Kids in School	119	23	42	37	17
2d18x1jb	Making Education Work for Latinas in the U.S.	116	19	37	36	24
8855x4xk	Examining Disproportionality in School Discipline Practices for Native American Students in Canadian Schools Implementing PBIS	108	16	34	36	22
7wc935jg	Towards Identifying School-level Factors Reducing Disciplinary Exclusions of American Indian/Alaska Native Students	104	12	41	29	22
80x0r63x	The Promise of a Teacher Professional Development Program in Reducing the Racial Disparity in Classroom Exclusionary Discipline	43	10	7	17	9
2qw5d0rg	Avoid Simple Solutions and Quick Fixes: Lessons Learned from a Comprehensive Districtwide Approach to Improving Conditions for Learning	37	5	6	15	11
4tx3p7tk	Suspended Education in Massachusetts: Using Days of Lost Instruction Due to Suspension to Evaluate Our Schools	34	10	3	14	7

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