- Esmaeilirad, Mohammadreza;
- Baskin, Artem;
- Kondori, Alireza;
- Sanz-Matias, Ana;
- Qian, Jin;
- Song, Boao;
- Tamadoni Saray, Mahmoud;
- Kucuk, Kamil;
- Belmonte, Andres Ruiz;
- Delgado, Pablo Navarro Munoz;
- Park, Junwon;
- Azari, Rahman;
- Segre, Carlo U;
- Shahbazian-Yassar, Reza;
- Prendergast, David;
- Asadi, Mohammad
An overarching challenge of the electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (eCO2RR) is finding an earth-abundant, highly active catalyst that selectively produces hydrocarbons at relatively low overpotentials. Here, we report the eCO2RR performance of two-dimensional transition metal carbide class of materials. Our results indicate a maximum methane (CH4) current density of -421.63 mA/cm2 and a CH4 faradic efficiency of 82.7% ± 2% for di-tungsten carbide (W2C) nanoflakes in a hybrid electrolyte of 3 M potassium hydroxide and 2 M choline-chloride. Powered by a triple junction photovoltaic cell, we demonstrate a flow electrolyzer that uses humidified CO2 to produce CH4 in a 700-h process under one sun illumination with a CO2RR energy efficiency of about 62.3% and a solar-to-fuel efficiency of 20.7%. Density functional theory calculations reveal that dissociation of water, chemisorption of CO2 and cleavage of the C-O bond-the most energy consuming elementary steps in other catalysts such as copper-become nearly spontaneous at the W2C surface. This results in instantaneous formation of adsorbed CO-an important reaction intermediate-and an unlimited source of protons near the tungsten surface sites that are the main reasons for the observed superior activity, selectivity, and small potential.