Monte Carlo simulations of joint PDF approaches have been extensively developed in the past largely with Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations. Current interests are in the extension of PDF approaches to Large Eddy Simulation (LES). As LES allows to resolve the large scales of turbulence in time and space, a joint LESPDF approach holds the promise to ease the modelling requirements (e.g. mixing models). In the past we have implemented a joint scalar PDF approach into LES with the amelet model using an Eulerian approach. Our preliminary results demonstrated that careful implementation of the Eulerian approach can be fully consistent with the counterpart nite-volume method. In this paper, results of recent LES of a pilot CH4/Air ame (Sandia/TUD ame D) with realistic nite-rate chemistry will be reported using three di erent mixing models including modi ed Curl (MC), Interaction by Exchange with the Mean (IEM), and Eucledian Minimum Spanning Tree (EMST). The calculations were performed with a 12-step reduced chemistry that has been well tested in RANS simulations of Sandia Flame D. In constrast to established RANS results which showed unphysical extinction with selected mixing models, LES results with di erent mixing models all lead to stable combustion and somewhat similar extinction patterns. These results suggest that the requirements of mixing models may be relaxed if large variations in scalar composition are coherently resolved as shown by our implementation of a joint LES-Eulerian PDF approach.

Monte Carlo simulations of joint PDF approaches have been extensively developed in the past largely with Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations. Current interests are in the extension of PDF approaches to Large Eddy Simulation (LES). As LES intends to resolve the large scales of turbulence in time, the coupling between Monte Carlo simulation and the flow field becomes an important issue. It is crucial to ensure some sort of coherency between the scalar field solution obtained via finite-volume methods and that from the stochastic solution of the PDF. In this paper, we first review the advantages and disadvantages of Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches. In order to clarify the coherency feature of a solution method, we introduce the concept of stochastic convergence for hybrid methods. Secondly, we present some preliminary results of an ongoing study with the Eulerian approach that reveals the numerical issues needing to be resolved. Results are presented for simulations of a pure mixing jet and Sandia Flame D using a steady-state flamelet model.

Fast and accurate numerical analysis is not only important for studying Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) technology but also critical for designing HCCI engines. Chemistry plays the major role in determining Start of Combustion (SOC) and emissions of HCCI engines. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) detailed isooctane mechanism contains 857 species and 3,606 reaction steps making the calculation too expensive. This work describes a recent development of isooctane skeletal mechanisms for speeding up numerical simulations of HCCI. By using the rate analysis, two skeletal mechanisms were constructed: one with 258 species and the other with 291 species. The former was developed for accurate predictions of SOC and the latter is an expanded version of the one with 258 species aiming at accurate predictions of both SOC and emissions. Validations of the performances of these two skeletal mechanisms were conducted extensively for the operation regimes anticipated by HCCI engine applications. Both skeletal mechanisms are found satisfactory in predicting SOC with a speeding up factor of 15-20. The expanded version is found necessary for accurate predictions of CO and unburned hydrocarbon emissions.

In lean premixed combustion systems, inadequate mixing of the fuel and air, prior to combustion can cause unnecessarily large pollutant emissions. Measuring the extent of mixing of fuel into air is often difficult, since combustion in lean premixed gas turbines takes place at high pressures, often making optical access to the combustion area limited. In addition, the pressure broadening of the molecular absorption lines renders the spectrally narrow line associated with a laser light source less useful. This paper studies some of the problems in determining the extent of mixing of the fuel into air in these lean premixed combustion systems. The focus of this paper is the use of an infrared light emitting diode (IR-LED) to quantitatively measure fuel concentration in a lean premixed gas turbine. The IR-LED emits radiation over a wide wavelength range compared to a laser, meaning that the development of an absorption coefficient to relate the fuel concentration to the absorption of the IR-LED radiation is not as direct as developing the absorption coefficient for the absorption of laser light. Controlled experiments were performed where the pressure, path length and fuel concentration were varied and the effects of these three parameters on the absorption of radiation from the IR-LED were studied. A broad band absorption coefficient was developed relating the absorption of light from the IR-LED to the fuel concentration. This broad band absorption coefficient was found to be in good agreement with calculated coefficient values. Experiments were performed on a lean premixed gas turbine combustor modified for line-of-sight optical access. The concentration profile of this high pressure combustor was found by tomographic reconstruction from line-of-sight absorption measurements using the IR-LED. We demonstrated that the IR-LED can be used for quantitative measurements of the fuel concentration for high pressure systems.