We report the results of 20, 6, and 2 cm VLA and 1.5 cm OVRO observations of two similar radioquiet active galaxy and quasar (AGN) samples: the optically selected CfA Seyfert galaxies and the bolometric flux-limited 12 μm active galaxy sample. Every object observed was detected at 6 cm. Only ∼6%-8% of the 12 μm sample Seyfert galaxies (three to four objects) are radio-loud (and none of the CfA sample), as compared to 15%-20% for the Bright Quasar Survey quasars. These radio-loud objects are compact and have flat spectra, distinguishing them from the more common radio-quiet objects. The 6-20 cm slopes of the Seyfert 1's and 2's are similar, with average values of 〈α6cm20〉 = -0.66 and -0.71, respectively. Although several Seyfert 1's are significantly flatter than this in their 6-20 and/or 1.5-6 cm slopes, there is no systematic trend for either Seyfert type to display upward or downward spectral curvature. Excluding the radio-loud quasars, the integrated 6 cm radio luminosity is linearly proportional to the 60 μm luminosity over several orders of magnitude, with on average twice the radio power of normal spirals of the same far-infrared power. About half of the objects show extended 6 cm emission, contributing on average 33% of the total flux. Thus the luminosities of these extended components alone are comparable to normal spirals of similar infrared luminosities. The 12 μm sample radio luminosity function is slightly higher than that of the CfA sample. The integrated space density of Seyfert 2's is ∼2 times that of Seyfert 1's over their common range in luminosity. In terms of the standard unified model, this ratio in space density corresponds to a typical half-angle of the torus of θ ∼48°. © 1996. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

Recipients of solid organ transplantation (SOT) rely on life-long immunosuppression (IS), which is associated with significant side effects. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a safe, existing cellular therapy used to treat transplant rejection by modulating the recipient's own blood cells. We sought to induce donor-specific hypo-responsiveness of SOT recipients by infusing ECP-treated donor leukocytes prior to transplant. To this end, we utilized major histocompatibility complex mismatched rodent models of allogeneic cardiac, liver, and kidney transplantation to test this novel strategy. Leukocytes isolated from donor-matched spleens for ECP treatment (ECP-DL) were infused into transplant recipients seven days prior to SOT. Pre-transplant infusion of ECP-DL without additional IS was associated with prolonged graft survival in all models. This innovative approach promoted the production of tolerogenic dendritic cells and regulatory T-cells with subsequent inhibition of T-cell priming and differentiation, along with a significant reduction of donor-specific T-cells in the spleen and grafts of treated animals. This new application of donor-type ECP-treated leukocytes provides insight into the mechanisms behind ECP-induced immunoregulation and holds significant promise in the prevention of graft rejection and reduction in need of global immune suppressive therapy in patients following SOT.

Cells succumbing to stress via regulated cell death (RCD) can initiate an adaptive immune response associated with immunological memory, provided they display sufficient antigenicity and adjuvanticity. Moreover, multiple intracellular and microenvironmental features determine the propensity of RCD to drive adaptive immunity. Here, we provide an updated operational definition of immunogenic cell death (ICD), discuss the key factors that dictate the ability of dying cells to drive an adaptive immune response, summarize experimental assays that are currently available for the assessment of ICD in vitro and in vivo, and formulate guidelines for their interpretation.