An overview is provided of 25 novel perspectives that the field of phylogeography has brought to scientific studies of population genetics and speciation. A unifying theme is that microevolu-tion can be described as an extended genealogical process played out in space and time, and reflecting the oft-idiosyncratic biological and environmental factors that have impinged on historical population demography. Most of the empirical and conceptual methods of phylogeo-graphy depart considerably from conventional equilibrium approaches, and they are helping to reorient and extend traditional population genetics in realistic directions that emphasize historical demography and genealogy.