A CsI salt-based cathode which is capable of producing a modest perveance, 10 s of A/cm2 electron beam for several microseconds pulse lengths, and has little susceptibility to diode closure has been experimentally characterized. This explosive field-emission CsI-coated carbon fiber cathode has operated in modest 10-5 Torr vacuums at voltages up to 160 kV, and can easily be configured to provide space-charge-limited solid or annular electron beams in arbitrarily large diameter configurations. The CsI cathode has demonstrated negligible closure for 2 μs pulses, and has operated for 200 shots with no degradation in cathode performance. Data on the operating performance of this salt cathode, including effective gap time history and streak photographs demonstrating uniformity of the current density, are presented. A comparison of CsI cathode performance with a velvet explosive field emitting cathode used in electron-beam production is also presented. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.

Purpose: Dendritic cells (DC) initiate adaptive immune responses through the uptake and presentation of antigenic material. In preclinical studies, intratumorally injected activated DCs (aDCs; DCVax-Direct) were superior to immature DCs in rejecting tumors from mice.Experimental Design: This single-arm, open-label phase I clinical trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of aDCs, administered intratumorally, in patients with solid tumors. Three dose levels (2 million, 6 million, and 15 million aDCs per injection) were tested using a standard 3 + 3 dose-escalation trial design. Feasibility, immunogenicity, changes to the tumor microenvironment after direct injection, and survival were evaluated. We also investigated cytokine production of aDCs prior to injection.Results: In total, 39 of the 40 enrolled patients were evaluable. The injections of aDCs were well tolerated with no dose-limiting toxicities. Increased lymphocyte infiltration was observed in 54% of assessed patients. Stable disease (SD; best response) at week 8 was associated with increased overall survival. Increased secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL12p40 by aDCs was significantly associated with survival (P = 0.023 and 0.024, respectively). Increased TNFα levels correlated positively with SD at week 8 (P < 0.01).Conclusions: Intratumoral aDC injections were feasible and safe. Increased production of specific cytokines was correlated with SD and prolonged survival, demonstrating a link between the functional profile of aDCs prior to injection and patient outcomes. Clin Cancer Res; 24(16); 3845-56. ©2018 AACR.