We develop a method to find a set of diminimal polyhedral maps on the torus from which all other polyhedral maps on the torus may be generated by face splitting and vertex splitting. We employ this method, though not to its completion, to find 53 diminimal polyhedral maps on the Torus.

This paper describes privatization of land use regulation in Irvine, California as a descendant of the technique of using private companies to undertake the government function of colonization. It argues that privatization of land use decision-making originated far earlier than the 20th century, and asserts that The Irvine Company is able to exercise tremendous control over the city of Irvine in large part because of the strong foundation of private ownership established under the Spanish colonial regime.

Objective

Various models of peer support may be implemented in mental health settings. This randomized trial assessed the effectiveness of a telephone-delivered mutual peer support intervention.

Methods

A total of 443 patients receiving ongoing depression treatment from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs were enrolled in either enhanced usual care (N=243) or the peer support intervention (N=200). Intent-to-treat analyses assessed outcomes at six months postenrollment, excluding 56 patients who experienced an unplanned telephone platform shutdown.

Results

At baseline, patients had substantial depressive symptoms, functional limitations, and low quality of life. Both groups showed significant clinical improvements at six months, with no significant differences by group.

Conclusions

Telephone-delivered mutual peer support for patients with depression did not improve outcomes beyond those observed with enhanced usual care. Other peer support models, with more "professionalized" peers delivering a structured curriculum, may be more effective.