This study investigated how knowledge of causality representations affects the reading in Japanese. In Experiment
1, 24 participants read events presented in cause-to-effect or effect-to-cause order without causal conjunctions. The latter
received longer reading times and more regressions than the former even when probability and predictability were balanced.
Experiment 2 examined whether this reading order effect was derived from a default reasoning asymmetry (i.e., reasoning from
cause to effect is favored over that from effect to cause). We utilized epistemic constructions to explicitly identify the reasoning
direction. Self-paced reading results from 24 participants showed that readers were more efficient when reading cause-event as
the evidence, effect-event as the conclusion vis-a-vis the counterpart, confirming the reasoning asymmetry. However, reading
order effect remained robust, presumably reflecting that causal reasoning is temporally embodied.