Background

Tremor in Parkinson's disease (PD) is commonly seen in the upper extremities and can involve the lower extremities and mouth. We present a case of a patient with idiopathic PD who presented with abdominal tremor.

Case report

A 40-year-old man with a 2-year history of subjective weakness and stiffness in the right arm and leg, followed by emergence of a right hand tremor, subsequently developed abdominal tremor. Patient experienced marked improvement of both abdominal and hand tremor and mobility of the right limbs with levodopa.

Discussion

Our case report serves as the second only published report of abdominal tremor in an idiopathic PD patient.

Highlights

Tremor in Parkinson's disease (PD) commonly affects the upper and lower extremities and mouth. We describe a 40-year-old man with PD who developed abdominal tremor which was brought under control with levodopa. This case is one of only two published reports of abdominal tremor in PD.

Introduction

The association between neuropathological changes and dementia among centenarians and nonagenarians remains unclear.

Methods

We examined brain tissue from 100 centenarians and 297 nonagenarians from The 90+ Study, a community-based longitudinal study of aging. We determined the prevalence of 10 neuropathological changes and compared their associations with dementia and cognitive performance between centenarians and nonagenarians.

Results

A total of 59% of centenarians and 47% of nonagenarians had at least four neuropathological changes. In centenarians, neuropathological changes were associated with higher odds of dementia and, compared to nonagenarians, the odds were not attenuated. For each additional neuropathological change, the Mini-Mental State Examination score was lower by 2 points for both groups.

Discussion

Neuropathological changes continue to be strongly related to dementia in centenarians, highlighting the importance of slowing or preventing the development of multiple neuropathological changes in the aging brain to maintain cognitive health.

Highlights

Individual and multiple neuropathological changes are frequent in centenarians. These neuropathological changes are strongly associated with dementia. There is no attenuation of this association with age.