Introduction. 1. Origins and Destinies: Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in American History--Silvia Pedraza. 2. Origins and Destinies: Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in Contemporary America--Ruben G. Rumbaut. COLOR AND CASTE. NATIVES AND AFRICANS. 3. North American Indians and Demography of Contact--Russell Thornton. 4. From Sundown to Sunup: Slavery and the Making of the Black Community--George P. Rawick. 5. Farewell--We're Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration from the PostBellum South--Carole Marks. LATIN AMERICANS. 6. Mexican Americans: Their Civic and Political Incorporation--Ricardo Romo. 7. Migration, Community, and Culture: The United States-Puerto Rican Experience--Hector A. Carrasquillo and Virginia Sanchez-Korrol. 8. Family, Economy, and the State: A Legacy of Struggle for Chinese American Women--Esther Ngan-Ling Chow. 9. The Other Issei: Japanese Immigrant Women in the Pre-World War II Period--Evelyn Nakano Glenn and Rhacel Salazar Parrenas. PRE-WORLD WAR I WAVES OF EUROPEAN MIGRATION. NORTHWEST EUROPEANS. 10. The Protestant Establishment: Its History, Its Legacy--Its Future?--Howard G. Schneiderman. 11. German-Americans: Paradoxes of a "Model Minority"--Walter Kamphoefner. 12. Erin's Children in America: Three Centuries of Irish Immigration to the United States--Hasia Diner. SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPEANS. 13. Italian Americans: A Century of Ethnic Change--Richard D. Alba. 14. Mobility and Continuity among Eastern European Jews--Steven J. Gold and Bruce Phillips. 15. From Peasant to Worker: The Polish Immigrant in the United States--Dominic Pacyga. THE WATERSHED: THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT AND ITS AFTERMATH 16. The Civil Rights Movement: A Social and Political Watershed--Aldon Morris and Cedric Herring. 17. Que Viva La Raza: The Many Faces of the Chicano Movement, 1963-1971--James Diego Vigil. 18. American Indians and Political Protest: The "Red Power" Years--Stephen Cornell. CONTEMPORARY WAVES OF LATIN AMERICAN AND ASIAN MIGRATION. LATIN AMERICANS. 19. Borders and Bridges: Undocumented Immigrants from Mexico and Central America--Leo R. Chavez. 20. Cuba's Refugees: Manifold Migrations--Silvia Pedraza. 21. Dominicans in the United States: First- and Second-Generation Settlement--Sherri Grasmuck and Patricia Pessar. ASIANS. 22. Filipino Americans: Many and Varied--Benjamin V. Carino. 23. The Entrepeneurial Adaptation of Korean Immigrants--Pyong Gap Min. 24. A Legacy of War: Refugees from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia--Ruben G. Rumbaut. CONTEMPORARY ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION, RACE, AND ETHNICITY IN AMERICA. URBAN DESTINIES. 25. New York as an Immigrant City--Frederic M. Binder and David M. Reimers. 26. Los Angeles: Explosive Diversity--Mehdi Bozorgmehr, Georges Sabagh, and Ivan Light. 27. Miami Spice: The Ethnic Cauldron Simmers--Guillermo J. Grenier and Lisandro Perez. 28. Washington, D.C.: The Changing Social Landscape of the International Capital City. COLOR AND CLASS. 29. The First Americans: American Indians--C. Matthew Snipp. 30. The Health of the African American Population--David R. Williams. 31. The Wages of Race: Color and Economic Opportunity in Chicago's Inner City--Marta Tienda and Haya Stier. SELF AND OTHERS. 32. Language Acquisition and Loss Among Children of Immigrants--Alejandro Portes and Richard Schauffler. 33. Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?--Mary C. Waters. 34. The Complexity of Racial Attitudes in America--Howard Schuman and Charlotte Steeh. 35. Contesting the Meaning of Race in the Post-Civil Rights Movement Era--Michael Omi and Howard Winant. EPILOGUE.

No state has felt the impact of the new immigration more than California, and no institution more than its schools. Fully a third of the nation's 20 million immigrants are concentrated in California, and over a third of the state's schoolchildren speak a language other than English at home. Largely from Asia and Latin America, these new Californians are extraordinarily diverse in their social, economic, and cultural origins. Their children are growing up in a context of prolonged recession and fiscal woes which have fueled public discontent over the presence of immigrants in the state as evidenced by the passage of Proposition 187 in November 1994. Yet for all the political controversy surrounding public funding of education for immigrant children—and even though these children will become a crucial component of the larger economy and society in years to come—very little is known about their educational progress and adaptation patterns to date. The original works assembled in this volume address these complex issues systematically, as well as their implications for educational policy. The expert contributors sociologists, political scientists, anthropologists, psychologists, and educational policy analysts bring to the topic a wide range of theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches. Several chapters report new comparative studies on patterns of acculturation and achievement among both U.S.-born and immigrant students. Others focus critically on educational policy and politics, particularly school restructuring reforms and efforts by public school systems to meet the needs of immigrant children.

On the Frontier of Adulthood reveals a startling new fact: adulthood no longer begins when adolescence ends. A lengthy period before adulthood, often spanning the twenties and even extending into the thirties, is now devoted to further education, job exploration, experimentation in romantic relationships, and personal development. Pathways into and through adulthood have become much less linear and predictable, and these changes carry tremendous social and cultural significance, especially as institutions and policies aimed at supporting young adults have not kept pace with these changes. In On the Frontier of Adulthood, Richard A. Settersten Jr., Frank F. Furstenberg Jr., Rubén G. Rumbaut, and a team of distinguished contributors consider the nature and consequences of changes in early adulthood by drawing on a wide variety of historical and contemporary data from the United States, Canada, and Western Europe. Especially dramatic shifts have occurred in the conventional markers of adulthood-leaving home, finishing school, getting a job, getting married, and having children-and ine configured as a set. These accounts reveal how the process of becoming an adult has changed over the past century, what the challenges faced by young people today are, and what societies can do to smooth the transition from adolescence to adulthood. A dramatic summat how these experiences arion of how the structure of early adult life has changed in the last century, On the Frontier of Adulthood will be viewed as the definitive source on the subject for years to come.

CMS Migration Update, April 29, 2014.

Approximately 30 percent of the more than 68 million young adults aged 18 to 34 in the United States today are either foreign born or of foreign parentage. As these newcomers make their transitions to adulthood, their experiences and readiness to progress to adulthood differ significantly from one another, and from their native-parentage counterparts. For many ethnic groups, significant progress takes place from the first to the second generation. But for millions of young immigrants, a lack of legal permanent residency status blocks their prospects for social mobility. Immigrant groups experience gaps in social, economic, and legal status that are even greater than the gaps between native whites and blacks. These social and economic divides reflect three very different ways immigrants enter the country: through regular immigration channels, without legal authorization, or as state-sponsored refugees. Having an undocumented status has become all the more consequential with the failure of Congress to pass comprehensive federal immigration reforms. In the 2011 Pastora Cafferty Lecture on Race and Ethnicity in American Life, professor Rubén G. Rumbaut described how generation, national origin, and the contexts in which they are coming of age in America shape the experiences of these newcomers as they become adults.

This three-year longitudinal study of the migration and resettlement of 739 Southeast Asian refugees - 373 women, 366 men - in San Diego County, California, examined the complex relationships between multiple antecedent life stressors, mediating adaptational resources, and adaptation outcomes. The sample consisted of randomly selected adult participants from Chinese-Vietnamese, Hmong, Khmer, Lao, and Vietnamese ethnic groups, representing 437 households. Eligible participants ranged from 25 to 65 years of age. Initial data collection occurred in 1982 and 1983, with a second wave of data collection in 1984. Interview sessions with each participant typically lasted three hours utilizing a structured interview schedule. Interviewers were rigorously trained and ethnically matched with respondents. The Murray Research Archive holds original record paper interviews and coded computer data from each wave. There are both computer and paper data for every cohort except Lao, for which there is only paper data.

The Southeast Asian Refugee Youth Study (SARYS) is a local community study of the adaptation of refugee youth from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. It is a follow-up study of the educational achievements of the children of the Southeast Asian refugee parents surveyed in the Indochinese Health and Adaptation Research Project (IHARP), 1982-1984 data. The project was conducted in San Diego, California and was partly funded by the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR). The purpose of this study was to examine areas of both successes and problems of refugee youth regarding their educational and occupational attainments and aspirations, and to evaluate their prospects for economic self-sufficiency. At the heart of the SARYS study is a series of qualitative interviews with a sample of Vietnamese, Khmer and Hmong refugee youth. The SARYS research project was based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. At the quantitative level it compared Southeast Asian students against other ethnic groups in the San Diego area on various indices of educational attainment, occupational aspirations and problem areas. Among Southeast Asians it compared each of the major refugee groups (Vietnamese, Chinese, Lao, Khmer, Hmong) to each other. There were two main quantitative data sources: (1) official records from the San Diego City Schools (SDCS) on school enrollments, academic performance, and student's career choices; and (2) the data set from the Indochinese Health & Adaptation Research Project (IHARP). Data were also collected and coded from the official records of all Indochinese juvenile delinquents in the San Diego County Probations Department for 1984, and from official data on student dropouts and suspensions from the San Diego City Schools. At the qualitative level, the SARYS study was limited to an in-depth examination of three groups of refugee youth: the Vietnamese, the Khmer, and the Hmong. Additional qualitative data were also collected on the Lao and to a lesser extent on Chinese-Vietnamese youth. The interviews involved two samples: 1) a total of 26 youths: 12 Vietnamese, 9 Khmer and 5 Hmong. These respondents ranged in age from 18 to 26 years at the time of the interviews, and they ranged in age from 6 to 17 years at the time they left the homeland. This youth sample contained approximately equal numbers of males (N=14) and females (N=12). The interviews were open-ended, averaged between 2.5 and 4.5 hours, and covered such areas as migration and family histories, educational and occupational attainments and aspirations in the U.S., and strategies and problems of adjustment and acculturation within family, peer and community contexts. In addition, participants were occasionally recontacted to verify certain information or to follow up on issues that had been raised during the initial interview and extensive field notes were kept by investigators during each interview; 2) 52 adult informants (both Americans and Southeast Asians) with specialized knowledge about the youth. These interviews were supplemented by ongoing ethnographic work and field observation from the past several years conducted in the local refugee communities. The interviews ranged from a half-hour to 3 hours in length. Informants were drawn from four broad institutional sectors: (1) the school system; (2) social service agencies; (3) local police and probation departments, and related diversion programs; and (4) parents of refugee youth and other ethnic community informants. Variables assessed in the SARYS study also included: refugee youths, the similarities and dissimilarities between these two groups, the factors/processes differentiating these types of youths, which of those factors/processes were givens (and hence not amenable to programmatic interventions) and which could be altered by intervention efforts. Also considered were adaptive resources (the pre-migration personal and family characteristics of refugee youth and how they relate to their prospects for self-sufficiency), the principal differences among the various ethnocultural groups in this refugee population, adaptive contexts (their institutional and situational contexts of family, community, and economy and how are they related to each other as well as what adaptive challenges, obstacles and opportunities these pose for refugee youth), adaptive strategies (what current and future roles, strategies and plans do they have, anticipate, and desire regarding family, community, school and the world of work? How do they define themselves in relation to those institutions?) and adaptive outcomes (given their resources, roles, definitions of the situation, and institutional contexts, what are their prospects for developing English language proficiency, attaining educational goals, and finding employment?).

IIMMLA was supported by the Russell Sage Foundation. Since 1991, the Russell Sage Foundation has funded a program of research aimed at assessing how well the young adult offspring of recent immigrants are faring as they move through American schools and into the labor market. Two previous major studies have begun to tell us about the paths to incorporation of the children of contemporary immigrants: The Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS), and the Immigrant Second Generation in New York study. The Immigration and Intergenerational Mobility in Metropolitan Los Angeles study is the third major initiative analyzing the progress of the new second generation in the United States. The Immigration and Intergenerational Mobility in Metropolitan Los Angeles (IIMMLA) study focused on young adult children of immigrants (1.5- and second-generation) in greater Los Angeles. IIMMLA investigated mobility among young adult (ages 20-39) children of immigrants in metropolitan Los Angeles and, in the case of the Mexican-origin population there, among young adult members of the third- or later generations. The five-county Los Angeles metropolitan area (Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura, Riverside and San Bernardino counties) contains the largest concentrations of Mexicans, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Filipinos, Chinese, Vietnamese, Koreans, and other nationalities in the United States. The diverse migration histories and modes of incorporation of these groups made the Los Angeles metropolitan area a strategic choice for a comparison study of the pathways of immigrant incorporation and mobility from one generation to the next. The IIMMLA study compared six foreign-born (1.5-generation) and foreign-parentage (second-generation) groups (Mexicans, Vietnamese, Filipinos, Koreans, Chinese, and Central Americans from Guatemala and El Salvador) with three native-born and native-parentage comparison groups (third- or later-generation Mexican Americans, and non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks). The targeted groups represent both the diversity of modes of incorporation in the United States and the range of occupational backgrounds and immigration status among contemporary immigrants (from professionals and entrepreneurs to laborers, refugees, and unauthorized migrants). The surveys provide basic demographic information as well as extensive data about socio-cultural orientation and mobility (e.g., language use, ethnic identity, religion, remittances, intermarriage, experiences of discrimination), economic mobility (e.g., parents' background, respondents' education, first and current job, wealth and income, encounters with the law), geographic mobility (childhood and present neighborhood of residence), and civic engagement and politics (political attitudes, voting behavior, as well as naturalization and transnational ties).

The new immigration to the United States is unprecedented in its diversity of color, class, and cultural origins. Over the past few decades, the racial and ethnic composition and stratification of the American population—as well as the social meanings of race, ethnicity, and American identity—have fundamentally changed. Ethnicities, a companion volume to Rubén G. Rumbaut's and Alejandro Portes's Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation, brings together some of the country's leading scholars of immigration and ethnicity to examine the lives and trajectories of the children of today's immigrants. The emerging ethnic groups of the United States in the 21st century are being formed in this process, with potentially profound societal impacts. Whether this new ethnic mosaic reinvigorates the nation or spells a quantum leap in its social problems depends on the social and economic incorporation of this still young population. The contributors to this volume probe systematically and in depth the adaptation patterns and trajectories of concrete ethnic groups. They provide a close look at this rising second generation by focusing on youth of diverse national origins—Mexican, Cuban, Nicaraguan, Filipino, Vietnamese, Haitian, Jamaican and other West Indian—coming of age in immigrant families on both coasts of the United States. Their analyses draw on the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study, the largest research project of its kind to date. Ethnicities demonstrates that, while some of the ethnic groups being created by the new immigration are in a clear upward path, moving into society's mainstream in record time, others are headed toward a path of blocked aspirations and downward mobility. The book concludes with an essay summarizing the main findings, discussing their implications, and identifying specific lessons for theory and policy.