We discuss energy efficiency and renewable energy investments in Eritrea from the strategic long-term economic perspective of meeting Eritrea's sustainable development goals and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Energy efficiency and renewable energy are potentially important contributors to national productive capital accumulation, enhancement of the environment, expansion of energy services, increases in household standard of living, and improvements in health. In this study we develop a spreadsheet model for calculating some of the national benefits and costs of different levels of investment in energy efficiency and renewable energy. We then present the results of the model in terms of investment demand and investment scenario curves. These curves express the contribution that efficiency and renewable energy projects can make in terms of reduced energy sector operating expenses, and reduced carbon emissions. We provide demand and supply curves that show the rate of return, the cost of carbon emissions reductions vs. supply, and the evolution of the marginal carbon emissions per dollar of GDP for different investment levels and different fuel-type subsectors.

This paper presents the results of a survey and analysis of electricity tariffs and marginal electricity prices for commercial buildings. The tariff data come from a survey of 90 utilities and 250 tariffs for non-residential customers collected in 2004 as part of the Tariff Analysis Project at LBNL. The goals of this analysis are to provide useful summary data on the marginal electricity prices commercial customers actually see, and insight into the factors that are most important in determining prices under different circumstances. We provide a new, empirically-based definition of several marginal prices: the effective marginal price and energy-only and demand-only prices, and derive a simple formula that expresses the dependence of the effective marginal price on the marginal load factor. The latter is a variable that can be used to characterize the load impacts of a particular end-use or efficiency measure. We calculate all these prices for eleven regions within the continental U.S.