Our goal is to develop an efficient framework for fitting stochastic continuous-time models to experimental data incognitive psychology. As a simple test problem, we consider data from an eye-tracking study of attention in learning. For eachsubject, the data for each trial consists of the sequence of stimulus features that the subject fixates on, together with the durationof each fixation. We fit a stochastic differential equation model to this data, using the Approximate Bayesian Computationframework. For each subject we infer posterior distributions for the unknown parameters in the model.

The antitumor effects of ionizing radiation (IR) are mediated in part through activation of innate and adaptive immunity. Here we report that gut microbiota influences tumor control following IR. Vancomycin decreased the abundance of butyrate-producing gut bacteria and enhanced antitumor responses to IR. Oral administration of Lachnospiraceae, a family of vancomycin-sensitive bacteria, was associated with increased systemic and intratumoral butyric acid levels and impaired the efficacy of IR in germ-free (GF) mice. Local butyrate inhibited STING-activated type I IFN expression in dendritic cells (DCs) through blockade of TBK1 and IRF3 phosphorylation, which abrogated IR-induced tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell immune responses without directly protecting tumor cells from radiation. Our findings demonstrate that the selective targeting of butyrate-producing microbiota may provide a novel therapeutic option to enhance tumor radiation sensitivity.