University Honors

This study documents how individuals engage in out-loud self-talk (OLST) to understand the components that determine when, how, and to what extent people will verbally express their self-talk (ST). Previous research has demonstrated that ST can enhance athletic performance, improve self-efficacy, and alleviate unpleasant feelings. However, fewer studies focus on ìnaturallyî occurring ST. This study bridges that gap and lays a foundation for recorded instances of OLST and its real-world application. Providing an understanding of OLST and the relationship between behavior, emotional regulation, and cognitive functioning can aid in creating affordable and accessible regulation and coping strategies. A literature review guides current findings on OLST, acting as a framework for codes and themes that emerge from the data. Survey responses were gathered from a larger ST study conducted at the University of California, Riverside (UCR) in the Psychology Departmentís Observe Lab. Using data from open-response questions reporting instances of OLST, this review documents how many participants reported engaging with various ST strategies. Responses from 250 participants were collected and analyzed following Thematic Analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Findings of this study indicate that OLST is expressed predominantly when feelings of anxiety or frustration emerge. Additionally, numerous participants reported applying emotion regulation strategies and improving cognitive processing through OLST practices. Valences indicate that the bulk of responses occur when the participant is experiencing or reflecting on a negative situation. However, OLST valences are more evenly distributed among positive, negative, and neutral, indicating different methods are used to combat negative experiences or emotions.