The urban freight system (UFS) is an essential component of the greater freight system and is vital to the urban economy. While the UFS represents a small share of urban traffic, it generates a disproportionate amount of pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and also has impacts on congestion, safety, and public health. The UFS is largely represented by last mile deliveries, which are characterized as trips that deliver products consumed, or used for other purposes. Last mile deliveries are part of the traditional business to business (B2B) commerce, and the rapidly increasing business to consumer (B2C) and consumer to consumer (C2C) commerce.
