University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation

Advanced scientific light sources are foundational research infrastructure for semiconductor manufacturing, biomedicine, energy storage, and nuclear weapons stewardship. This report examines China’s pursuit of “photon sovereignty” through the rapid expansion of a domestically controlled network of synchrotrons and X-ray free-electron lasers. Drawing on open sources, it identifies approximately sixteen operational light sources and at least twenty-one additional facilities under construction or active planning, with known investment in ongoing projects approaching $13 billion. This expansion is broadening China’s scientific capabilities, reducing dependence on foreign infrastructure, and increasing access to advanced facilities across universities, research institutes, and industry. The strategic effects will be cumulative: more beamtime, broader spectral coverage, faster experimentation, and a larger trained user community could accelerate advances in foundational science, technology, and military capabilities. For the United States, China’s expansion presents a dual challenge: protecting sensitive research while sustaining the infrastructure and scientific workforce needed to maintain U.S. leadership in photon science.