Creating realistic three-dimensional (3D) experiences has been a very active area of research and development, and this article describes progress and what remains to be solved. A very active area of technical development has been to build displays that create the correct relationship between viewing parameters and triangulation depth cues: stereo, motion, and focus. Several disciplines are involved in the design, construction, evaluation, and use of 3D displays, but an understanding of human vision is crucial to this enterprise because in the end, the goal is to provide the desired perceptual experience for the viewer. In this article, we review research and development concerning displays that create 3D experiences. And we highlight areas in which further research and development is needed.

In near-eye display systems that support three-dimensional (3D) augmented and virtual reality, a central factor in determining the user experience is the size of the eyebox. The eyebox refers to a volume where the eye receives an acceptable view of the image with respect to a set of criteria and thresholds. The size and location of this volume are primarily driven by optical architecture choices in which designers trade-off a number of constraints, such as field of view, image quality, and product design. It is thus important to clearly quantify how design decisions affect the properties of the eyebox. Recent work has started evaluating the eyebox in 3D based purely on optical criteria. However, such analyses do not incorporate perceptual criteria that determine visual quality, which are particularly important for binocular 3D systems. To address this limitation, we introduce the framework of a perceptual eyebox. The perceptual eyebox is the volume where the eye(s) must be located for the user to experience a visual percept falling within a perceptually-defined criterion. We combine optical and perceptual data to characterize an example perceptual eyebox for display visibility in augmented reality. The key contributions in this paper include: comparing the perceptual eyebox for monocular and binocular display designs, modeling the effects of user eye separation, and examining the effects of eye rotation on the eyebox volume.

We examined the visibility of motion artifacts - judder, motion blur, and edge banding - on a Samsung 240Hz stereoscopic 3D (S3D) OLED display. We determined the relative contributions of the frame rate of the content, update rate of the panel, duty cycle, and flash number. We compared the visibility of artifacts on the Samsung display with those on a 60Hz S3D LCD. Short duty cycles and low flash numbers reduce the visibility of motion artifacts. © 2014 Society for Information Display.

Early-onset colorectal cancer has been on the rise in Western populations. Here, we compare patient characteristics between those with early- (<50 years) vs. late-onset (≥50 years) disease in a large multinational cohort of colorectal cancer patients (n = 2193). We calculated descriptive statistics and assessed associations of clinicodemographic factors with age of onset using mutually-adjusted logistic regression models. Patients were on average 60 years old, with BMI of 29 kg/m², 52% colon cancers, 21% early-onset, and presented with stage II or III (60%) disease. Early-onset patients presented with more advanced disease (stages III-IV: 63% vs. 51%, respectively), and received more neo and adjuvant treatment compared to late-onset patients, after controlling for stage (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) = 2.30 (1.82-3.83) and 2.00 (1.43-2.81), respectively). Early-onset rectal cancer patients across all stages more commonly received neoadjuvant treatment, even when not indicated as the standard of care, e.g., during stage I disease. The odds of early-onset disease were higher among never smokers and lower among overweight patients (1.55 (1.21-1.98) and 0.56 (0.41-0.76), respectively). Patients with early-onset colorectal cancer were more likely to be diagnosed with advanced stage disease, to have received systemic treatments regardless of stage at diagnosis, and were less likely to be ever smokers or overweight.