In this presentation, I juxtapose the production of cultural citizenship as it takes form in Hindi and Tamil short story writing of this period with the juridical production of post-Independence legal citizenship. These discursive arenas demonstrate that underlying the conceptualizations of both citizenship-as-national identity and citizenship-as-rights (Sundar Rajan 2003; see also Sinha 2006 and Yuval-Davis 1997) is an anxiety over the institution of marriage. Not only is marriage being newly defined in both arenas in this moment, but also it is through this institution that the relationships between citizens are framed. That is to say, conjugality, the principle relationship that generates Indian subjectivities in post-Independence Hindi and Tamil short story writing, is also that which confers citizens’ rights in the state-juridical sphere (see for example: Hodges 2008, Majumdar 2009, Sreenivas 2008, and Uberoi 1996). By virtue of the man-woman relationship conjugality designates, Indian subjectivity, as it manifests in both Hindi and Tamil short stories and Indian constitutional and juridical discourses, is profoundly gendered.

Final Report/Synopsis of Research Results:

Case studies of Parichan and Mohan

Parichan and Mohan are two Delhi rickshaw pullers who live their lives on the streets. Like over half of the research sample of 177 rickshaw pullers, they migrated to Delhi from Bihar. Parichan left his home 25 years ago never to return to his village in Sitamarhi District. He is alone and has no contact whatsoever with his extended family and has made the Delhi streets his home since he migrated there. With no one to help him in Delhi, he saw rickshaw pulling as a means of livelihood. He has made the footpaths of Ajmeri Gate his home and uses either a paid public lavatory or bath, or the free public taps and public spaces as his washroom.

This is the 2-page executive summary for the IMTFI Working Paper: Effects of Mobile Money on the Savings Practices of Low-Income Users - the Indian Experience by Mani Nandhi.

In 2011, 65% of India’s population did not have access to a bank account. Nevertheless, India’s socalled “unbanked” save by other means for everyday expenditures and emergencies. Traditional forms of saving include leaving money in gulaks (Fig. 1), with trusted friends or relatives, or in savings clubs. Many of these practices, however, are often risky or inefficient.

From Ghana to Papua New Guinea, mobile money services have emerged as a safer and more efficient savings mechanism. Mobile money provides a means of financial inclusion for the unbanked. In India, there are now six mobile money services enabling banking at very low cost.

This work describes how environmental energy can be managed in a distributed system to maximize performance. Based on the authors'' ACM/IEEE ISLPED 2003 paper.

The democratization of computing and sensing through smart phones and embedded devices has led to widespread instrumentation of our personal and social spaces. The sensor data thus collected, has embedded in them minute details of our daily life. On the one hand, this has enabled a multitude of exciting applications where decisions at various time-scales are driven by inferences that are computationally derived from the shared sensory information and used for purposes such as targeted advertisements,

behavior tailored interventions and automated control. On the other hand, the ability to derive rich inferences about user behaviors and contexts and their use in critical decision making also present various concerns of personal privacy. Prior approaches to handling the privacy concerns have often been ad hoc and focused on disassociating the user identity from the shared data, thus preventing an adversary from tracing a sensitive inference back to the user. However, in many application domains (e.g., mHealth, insurance) user identity is an inalienable part of the shared data. In such settings, instead of identity privacy, the focus is on the more general inference privacy problem, pertaining to the privacy of sensitive inferences that can be derived from the shared sensor data. The objective of this research has been to develop a principled understanding of the inference privacy problem and design formalisms, algorithms, and system mechanisms to effectively address it.

The contributions of this dissertation are multi-fold. First, using information-theoretic notions we formulate the inference privacy problem in terms of a whitelist of utility providing allowed inferences, and a blacklist of sensitive inferences. We define utility and privacy parameters, derive bounds on the feasible region spanned by these parameters, and provide constructive schemes for achieving the boundary points of the feasible region. Second, using insights from the theoretical exploration, we design and implement

ipShield, a privacy-enforcing system by modifying the Android OS. ipShield, is a step towards reducing the user burden of configuring fine-grained privacy policies. It does so by changing the basic privacy abstraction, from access control on sensors to privacy preferences over higher level possible inferences. The user preferences are then used by a rule recommender to auto-generate privacy rules on sensors. Finally, we present iDeceit, a framework that implements model-based plausible falsification of sensor data to protect the privacy of sensitive inferences while maximizing the utility of the shared data. A graphical model is used to capture the temporal and spatial patterns that exists in user behavior. The model is then used, together with privacy and utility metrics and a novel plausibility metric, to generate falsified data stream that conforms to typical user-behavior ensuring perfect privacy. Extensive evaluation results are detailed for both ipShield and iDeceit to validate their efficiency and feasibility on mobile platforms.