This article summarizes the emergency department approach to diagnosing cerebellar infarction in the patient presenting with vertigo. Vertigo is defined and identification of a vertigo syndrome is discussed. The differentiation of common vertigo syndromes such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Meniere’s disease, migrainous vertigo, and vestibular neuritis is summarized. Confirmation of a peripheral vertigo syndrome substantially lowers the likelihood of cerebellar infarction, as do indicators of a peripheral disorder such as an abnormal head impulse test. Approximately 10% of patients with cerebellar infarction present with vertigo and no localizing neurologic deficits. The majority of these may have other signs of central vertigo, specifically direction-changing nystagmus and severe ataxia.

[West J Emerg Med. 2009;10(4):273-277.]

Fermentation is a biochemical processes used in food production, alternative protein sources,biopharmaceuticals, biofuels and waste management, to name a few. One of the oldest fermented products produced by humans is wine, made from grapes. Today, while wine is produced at a global scale, the rate of adoption of new technology lags compared to other mass produced products. Unlike most other fermentations of commercial products, wine fermentations are seasonal in nature and occur within a six- to eight-week period, only once each year. The most valuable wines come from small batches of grapes, and this usually means that grape loads from different vineyards are kept separate and fermented in small volumes, leading to a wide variation in nutritional components and the resulting fermentation patterns. Increasing constraints of water, labor, energy along with lower crop yield due to changing climates motivates innovation in the winemaking digitization.

This dissertation presents advances in two components of wine fermentation: the measurement,modeling and control of fermentation kinetics, and the measurement and control of redox potential during fermentation. In the first portion of this dissertation, a mathematical description of fermentation kinetics from 1979 is updated to accept changes in temperature and combined with a new nonlinear parameter estimation method implemented in the cloud. Combined with sensors that make measurements in regular time intervals, these advances are now enabling commercial wineries to diagnose fermentations and perform informed interventions during fermentation. The measurement-modeling technique is then extended to implement a nonlinear model predictive controller of fermentation kinetics.

The second portion of this dissertation focuses on the redox potential of the fermenting mixture,a measurement that is linked to the electrochemical state outside the yeast cells and provides insight into yeast metabolism. As an under-studied variable in wine research, measurement and control of redox potential as a process parameter has not previously been demonstrated in commercial scales. Controlling redox potential during fermentation can prevent the formation of undesirable byproducts and has clearly been shown to influence and direct yeast metabolism. This work demonstrates the control of redox potential at research, pilot and commercial volumes while also exploring alternative methods for controlling redox potential that is independent of the variations in juice chemistry.

Combined, the two focuses of this work provide the basis for commercially adoptable processcontrol strategies for commercial wineries that also have application to other fermentation industries

In this study we use a state-of-the-art planning model for the electric power system - the SWITCH model - to investigate the evolution of the power systems of California and western North America from present-day to 2050 in the context of deep decarbonization of the economy. We find drastic power system carbon emission reductions to be feasible by 2050 under a wide range of possible futures. The average cost of power in 2050 is found to range between $149/MWh and $232/MWh across scenarios, a 21 to 88 % increase relative to a business-as-usual scenario, and a 38 to 115 % increase relative to the present-day cost of power.

In order to rapidly decarbonize, the power system undergoes sweeping change. Between present-day and 2030, the evolution of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) power system is dominated by the implementation of aggressive energy efficiency measures, the installation of renewable energy and gas-fired generation facilities, and the retirement of coal-fired generation. In the 2040 time frame, deployment of wind, solar, and geothermal power reduce power system emissions by displacing gas-fired generation. In the 2050 time frame this deployment trend continues for wind and solar, but is accompanied by large amounts of new storage and long-distance, high-voltage transmission capacity. In stark contrast to present-day operation, electricity storage is used primarily to move solar energy from the daytime into the night in order to charge electric vehicles and meet demand from electrified heating. Transmission capacity over the California border is increased by 40 - 220 % by 2050, implying that transmission siting, permitting, and regional cooperation will become increasingly important over time. California remains a net electricity importer in all scenarios investigated.

Wind and solar power are key elements in power system decarbonization, providing 37 - 56 % and 17 - 32 % of energy generated respectively across WECC in 2050 if no new nuclear capacity is built. In an effort to integrate wind and solar resources, the amount of installed gas capacity remains relatively constant between present-day and 2050, though carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is installed on some gas plants by 2050. The fleet-wide average capacity factor of non-CCS gas generation drops steeply between 2030 and 2050, reaching only 5 - 16 % in 2050 for scenarios that meet the 86 % emission reduction target.

An experiment assessed the impact of varying levels of interference on reinstatement in human causal learning. Participants studied fictitious customer files to learn relationships between foods and gastric illness in acquisition. During interference training, a new relationship was learned between the same foods and a different illness over 12, 15, or 18 trials. Prior to the test, presentations of either outcome in the absence of information about the food led to losses of the second-learned information and recovery of that learned first. This effect was reduced as the number of interference trials increased. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for theories of reinstatement and of the parallels with animal studies on renewal.