This article provides an overview of the use of genetic science and technologies for criminal investigation and forensics. After discussing the history of the use of biological markers for criminal identification and forensics, we outline the emergence of DNA analysis as the 'gold standard' in forensic identification. We then discuss a range of more recent practices and issues in the field of forensic genetics. We conclude with a brief discussion of novel technologies that have not yet found entrance into most courtrooms and routine crime scene work.

In this Commentary, we argue that in line with the dramatic increase in the collection, storage, and curation of human genomic data for biomedical research, genomic data repositories and consortia have adopted governance frameworks to address the dual objectives of enabling wide access while protecting against possible harms. However, there are ongoing debates in the scientific community about the merits and limitations of different governance frameworks in achieving these twin aims; and indeed, best practices and points for consideration are notably absent when it comes to devising a governance framework for genomic databases. Based on our collective experience of devising and assessing governance frameworks, our Commentary identifies five key functions of “good governance” (or what makes “better governance”) and three areas where trade-offs should be considered when specifying policies within those functions. We apply these functions as a benchmark to describe, as an example, the governance frameworks of six large-scale international genomic projects.