Anthropogenic stressors reshape communities worldwide, motivating research on predictions of future impacts as well as developing tools and approaches for promoting resilience. My research focuses on marine algal communities in two habitats, temperate rocky intertidal zones and tropical fringing reefs, that have undergone widespread shifts due to global and local stressors.For over four decades, ecologists have improved understanding of how plant communities shift in response to environmental drivers using a trait-based framework. In Chapter 1, I develop a quantitative method for determining traits that are critical to measure for understanding the performance of rocky intertidal macroalgae. I measured a wide suite of traits then used ordination and correlation to reduce to six traits that limit collinearities, maximize potential tradeoffs, and create a functionally diverse trait space. I discovered an axis of variation for maximizing resource acquisition that varies between being tall and strong versus maximizing surface area and being short and weak. This work provides a roadmap for trait selection that I test in Chapter 2 for macroalgae on a tropical fringing reef. By following this same quantitative approach, I determine a core set of traits important for understanding ecological strategies of tropical algae. I select five traits critical to understand this temperate fringing reef and discover two axes of variation for resource acquisition and resistance to herbivory. By comparing Chapter 1 and 2, we find three traits useful in describing these diverse communities, suggesting there is a set of universally important traits that will facilitate comparisons between algal-dominated communities across multiple scales. In Chapter 3, I test the effects of tropical storms on turf algae, a critical transition community on reefs that can facilitate coral recovery. Understanding the impacts of storms is important as their intensity is projected to increase with climate change. In a field experiment we simulate a storm with physical abrasion, sediment deposition, increased nutrients, and altered herbivore activity as stressors. We found that herbivores can reverse storm-generated transitions on coral reefs. In summary, my dissertation advances the development of novel approaches for understanding the shifting functions of algal communities and improves our ability to predict the responses of tropical algal communities to climate change.

is report examines both the health and economic costs of commercial tobacco use and secondhand smoke inhalation in the American Indian and Alaska Native communities in California. The authors estimate the cost of smoking — in health care and lost productivity — totals nearly 800 million dollars a year. It provides detailed breakdowns of productivity losses, as well as costs per individual and by specific health condition, of commercial tobacco use. The authors also describe complicating factors, such as confusion over the role of traditional tobacco use or “sacred smoking,” and offers practical guidance and resources to tribes and American Indian communities seeking to implement tobacco-control and prevention activities in culturally-appropriate ways.

This report examines the health risks, health status and health services use of the American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) elders in California, home to one of the nation's largest populations of AIAN elderly. Specifically, this report uses the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) to provide omnibus data on a range of issues, including demographics, obesity, alcohol and tobacco use, as well as cancer screening, mental health, health insurance and more. Assessing and understanding the disease burden among California AIAN elders will enable service providers, health advocates and policymakers to set priorities and allocate resources that will benefit the health and well being of this vulnerable population. Although national health status data exist on the AIAN population as a whole, there is a severe lack of state-level and sub-state level data focused on the health of AIAN elders. This report presents the first comprehensive population-level health data on California's Native Elders.

This report was funded by the California Wellness Foundation, the California Area Indian Health Service, the Mayo Clinic Spirit of Eagles and the UCLA Tribal Learning Community and Educational Exchange.