Journal of Right-Wing Studies

While historians have generally looked to the Ruby Ridge siege as the genesis of the 1990s militia movement or as a flare-up in the long conflict between white nationalists and federal law enforcement, I argue that the clash between the Weaver family and federal forces at Ruby Ridge should be understood most immediately as blowback from a volatile FBI sting operation that preceded the siege, a sting that was itself the product of emerging anticipatory counterterrorism practices that participated in the orchestration of right-wing terrorism as a way to prevent it. I reconstruct the overlooked role of Rico Valentino, an FBI informant embedded in Aryan Nations whose undercover work collided with an ATF investigation of Randy Weaver. Due to conflicting and uncoordinated agency incentives, Valentino exposed the ATF’s informant to preserve his own cover, thus allowing Valentino and his FBI handlers to successfully carry out a high-tech sting operation that concocted and then disrupted a bomb plot involving three Aryan Nations members, among whom was a close friend of the Weaver family. This action helped precipitate the chain of events that caused the Weavers to double down on their refusal to cooperate with law enforcement and ultimately brought federal agents to the Weavers’ mountain cabin.