Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are among the most promising strategies for reducing transportation-related emissions and mitigating their impacts on both the environment and public health. Historically, PEV adoption has been slowed by three key barriers: range anxiety, limited charger availability, and high purchase costs. Recent advances — including improvements in battery technology, tax incentives, and subsidized charging programs — have begun to ease these challenges, leading to steadily increasing adoption rates.
