UC San Diego

Avoidance behavior (through spatial refuges, diel activity cycles, seasonal diapause, locomotory behavior) minimizes encounter rates with predators. Escape responses (through active motility, passive evasion, aggregation, bioluminescence) diminish rates of attack or successful capture. Defense responses (through chemical means, induced morphology) decrease the probability of successful ingestion by predators. Behavioral responses of individuals also alter the dynamics of populations. -from Author