UCLA Institute of Transportation Studies

In 2019, the Los Angeles Department of Transportation’s (LADOT) micromobility program brought together the agency, scooter operators, and other stakeholders to create a holistic regulatory framework that established operational requirements and expectations to promote the safe and effective use of micromobility scooters, primarily dockless e-scooters, and e-bikes. While the program has effectively expanded the usage of micromobility and mitigated externalities associated with dockless vehicle programs, it has been less effective at ensuring access, particularly in underserved neighborhoods such as the Equity-Focused Mobility Development Districts. In a mixed-methods approach, we combine micromobility data from LADOT, interviews with private operators and community-based organizations, and case studies of micromobility equity programs in other US cities to inform our three policy recommendations for LADOT. The three key policy levers are a reduction in the number of operators allowed within the program, strengthened outreach requirements with enforcement from LADOT, and a modification to the penalty schedule that does not deter deployment in the San Fernando Valley. These policies would create more favorable market conditions for increasing operator deployment in the equity zones while advancing LADOT’s goal of improving access to shared mobility.

This research project analyzes the distribution of bus shelters at Los Angeles Metro bus stops and the process for funding, building and maintaining bus shelters in unincorporated areas. The study employs quantitative methods using data from Metro, the County, and other publicly available data to measure distribution along three geographies (Supervisorial Districts, unincorporated areas, and Supervisorial District 2), and four equity measures to characterize neighborhoods with unsheltered bus stops (heat exposure, access to shade, wait time, and socio-economic and transit-related conditions). The study also uses qualitative methods to examine Public Works’ process for implementing bus shelters in unincorporated areas. The analysis shows that Supervisorial District 2 has the greatest bus shelter need compared to other County districts. In addition, Public Works is at a critical moment for bus shelter development in unincorporated Los Angeles County as it seeks to replace all ad-shelters and to engage with a new vendor. Public Works has an opportunity to improve data collection for evaluating past and future bus shelter siting along lines of equity.

Adopted in April 2021, the City of Beverly Hills Complete Streets Plan includes a holistic bicycle network that has since been in the works for implementation. The vision prioritizes an accelerated installation of crucial east-west and north-south low-stress bicycle facilities to provide access to schools, parks, commercial areas, and the Metro Purple Line stations, connected with existing bikeways within and outside the City of Beverly Hills.However, the recommended holistic network was developed pre-Covid. The City would like to establish whether the existing bicycle network and proposals presented in the Complete Streets Plan would still produce a low-stress network, or if the network should be revised with different streets or bicycle facility types.For this analysis, I developed a research design that prioritized utilizing traffic data in tandem with best practices identified with the guidelines examined in my literature review. I began my research through a collection of motor vehicle speed and traffic volume data, or annual average traffic count (AADT), for streets identified in the City’s Complete Streets Plan that was adopted and/or recommended for bikeway facilities as part of the City’s vision for a holistic network. This was done to ensure that the City could still reach its goal of a wholly connected, low-stress network through streets that could attain that vision.Through StreetLight Data, I ran analyses for each street considered as part of the City’s Complete Streets Plan. This was done as part of my bicycle network analysis to determine the level of stress, and therefore appropriate bicycle facility types for each street. The data collected's timeframe reflects pre and post-Covid numbers to provide a comparison of vehicular traffic trends. These years were chosen to show the impact of Covid on current traffic patterns, if any. In doing so, I looked to see if there were any notable changes in vehicular volume and speed on these streets from 2019 to 2022. I gathered mid-day speed at the 85th percentile when collecting motor vehicle speed data. This was done to see if there were any apparent increases or decreases in volume or speed through a typical weekend for each street analyzed.For streets that had a notable increase in volume (>2000 difference) and speed (>5mph difference), I noted should be improved with bicycle infrastructure up- grades if not already planned in the Complete Streets Plan.For streets with a minimal difference or decrease in volume and speed, I noted the probability of the previous bikeway facility considerations remaining to accept- able - but regardless should still be examined for improvements to infrastructure.Through this analysis, I was able to determine significant changes, if any, in traffic data pre- and post-Covid in the City of Beverly Hills. Recommendations for upgrades to bicycle infrastructure are based on these noted changes. Top priority corridors are also recommended based on current traffic data, with considerations from the Complete Streets Plan observed. Further considerations are presented to improve the City's holistic bikeway network through policy and design recommendations. These recommendations are focused on improving the City's bicycle network in terms of accessibility, connectivity, and most importantly, safety.

Removing a center turn lane from a three-lane road does not appear to interfere with safety goals. In fact, in some cases, it appears it may improve safety. I compared streets with a center turn lane to those that once had a center turn lane, but later removed it. The streets that once had center turn lanes — but later removed them in favor of treatments such as bike lanes — registered an average of 42% fewer crashes per million vehicle miles traveled (VMT) than the comparison streets with center turn lanes. Furthermore, the additional safety benefits held up when measuring across a selection of sub-crash groups, such as fatal and severe crashes and pedestrian and bicycle collisions. While a before-and-after analysis suggested that part of this effect can be attributed to lower crash densities on our treatment streets, this did not invalidate the fact that these streets still observed absolute reductions in crash rates after the removal of a center turn lane, suggesting that center turn lane removal can coexist with safety objectives.

The Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) initiated the Slow Streets program to create opportunities for multimodal transportation and outdoor recreation during the Covid-19 pandemic. The program initially used low-cost barricades and signage to demarcate Slow Street segments before upgrading to six new traffic calming measures, or countermeasures, in Phase 2 that were designed to reduce speeds. This report evaluated their effectiveness through analyzing StreetLight speed data and employing a custom formula comparing speed changes on Slow Street segments to estimate each countermeasure’s speed-reducing effect. Nearly half of the segments experienced speed increases after countermeasure installation. Though it was difficult to attribute these speed increases to any reasons with certainty, we speculate that the countermeasures may not have caused great enough changes in street geometries to significantly alter driver behaviors and reduce speeds. Drivers may be using Slow Street segments to “cut through” traffic, and Slow Streets may not have been able to evade speed increases that have occurred on many streets during and after Los Angeles’ stay-at-home orders went into effect. Based on the results, LADOT should prioritize the installation of treatments located at or near intersections, which have shown to be most effective. LADOT should also reduce lane widths on entire street segments rather than at certain points along the street and consider alternative materials to work around current design restrictions. Finally, LADOT should perform a qualitative study of the effectiveness of the program and improve information access of the Slow Streets network by publishing interactive maps online.

Cities are continually turning towards more sustainable modes of transportation as many adopt initiatives and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase quality of life. Active transportation is positioned at the center of this shift as many cities continually untether themselves from car travel and turn to walking/cycling as an alternative.One of the most effective alternatives to vehicular travel are bicycles, specifically electric bicycles (E-bikes). Cycling offers several mental and physical health benefits, and E-bikes dramatically reduce physical barriers to cycling through the addition of an electric motor that aids the user in propelling their bicycle. Bike Share programs have been active in North America for decades and have historically been the most accessible option for bicycle access to those who do not want the costs and responsibilities associated with ownership. As the need for public funding in Bike Share increases, some cities are turning to alternative Bicycle Incentive programs (any program that incentivises the increased adoption of bicycle use) to promote cycling modal share. Government bodies are capitalizing on the rising popularity of E-bikes and cycling in North America by designing and implementing more of these programs in the form of Purchase Subsidies, Leasing & Ride-to-Own programs, and Low-Interest Loans.

Within the US, Los Angeles has been at the forefront of making efforts to factor gender inclusivity into transportation planning. In 2021, LADOT released Changing Lanes: A Gender Equity Transportation Study, which found that LA’s current transportation system is not adequately serving low-income and BIPOC women, girls, and gender minorities. To address these inequities, LADOT is taking the next steps to implement gender-inclusive transportation infrastructure design strategies. This capstone, Designing Streetscapes for Gender Inclusivity, presents case studies on infrastructure that supports walking, biking, rolling, and waiting and strategies that can improve comfort and safety in transportation environments. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with planners from five transportation agencies: the Seattle Department of Transportation, the New York City Department of Transportation, TriMet (Portland Region), the Minneapolis Department of Public Works, and the Austin Transportation Department. Transportation guidelines and plans produced by these agencies were also reviewed. From the information gathered, five case studies were developed, each focusing on a different strategy for improving gender inclusivity in streetscape design: pedestrian street lighting, public seating, bus stop amenities, pedestrian infrastructure, and bike infrastructure. Coupled with an equity-focused and data-driven project prioritization approach that takes gendered differences in travel behavior into account, the implementation of these design strategies can ensure the needs of women, girls, and gender minorities who rely on active transportation and public transit are met.

Curb parking is notoriously difficult to find in certain parts of New York City (NYC). NYC Department of Transportation (DOT) is considering implementing demand-responsive pricing for its passenger metered spaces to manage parking demand. This is a pricing mechanism whereby the price of curb parking fluctuates spatially and temporally in accordance with expected or actual demand. This report assesses successful permanent citywide implementations of demand-responsive curb pricing in San Francisco and Seattle to determine the most effective strategies for NYC DOT: these include using meter transaction data and historical occupancy data to estimate current parking occupancy and exploring possibilities of vehicle-mounted license plate recognition technology. To help make demand-responsive pricing more efficient and politically acceptable, the city can implement additional policies such a two-tier system for disability placards to target placard abuse or parking benefit districts to direct meter revenue toward public services on metered blocks. A data-driven demand-responsive curb pricing program that follows a set model for rate adjustments, in conjunction with technology and legislation changes to increase support for the program and reduce parking violations, as described in this report, can effectively increase parking availability in New York City and guide other city transportation agencies in their efforts to do the same.

As California aims to curb its transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions, policymakers and planners are implementing strategies to disincentivize single occupancy vehicle (SOV) use. Kounkuey Design Initiative (KDI) is a global non-profit organization specializing in community development and design. KDI was interested in understanding the most gender and racially-equitable approaches to disincentivize driving, given Los Angeles' dispersed development pattern and decentralized job centers. This capstone research project aims to better understand whether one proposed method of reducing SOV use—pricing parking—disproportionately affects people of color and female and gender minority drivers. The project uses a mixed-methods approach, beginning with a review of relevant academic literature to understand travel behavior, the theory behind pricing parking, and the equity implications of raising transportation costs. The research design also includes an analysis of the USC Understanding America Study (UAS) Survey 379, field observations, and an in-person survey in Hollywood. The small sample size limits the generalizability of the Hollywood findings. However, the survey is helpful in better understanding the variety of people's parking preferences and responsiveness to potential parking-related policies. Finally, the project uses case studies to identify other cities' strategies to price parking to meet their community needs. Each methodological approach used in this report works together to build a more comprehensive understanding of parking behavior and preferences in Los Angeles. The findings reveal that parking preferences and experiences vary by race and gender. This report includes seven policy and planning recommendations that could redistribute the benefits of market-priced parking.

The intercity and intercounty public systems in the Southern California region still need to be fully integrated, which presents challenges to riders, like paying fares and accessing fare discounts, receiving real-time travel information, and making seamless intermodal transfers. Los Angeles County alone has 26 municipal transit agencies. Los Angeles Metro's (Metro) position as the primary and largest transit agency serving Los Angeles gives it the influence to lead integration efforts. Outside of Los Angeles County, the Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA), Riverside Transit Agency (RTA), San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS), and Metrolink operate services that provide transit access between LA County and destinations in the Southern California region. Yet, the organization of these transit providers creates a complex transit system governance structure that challenges coordination across operators –limited coordination results in a fragmented regional transit system that can confuse riders and operators. The report uses responses from interviews with LA Metro, Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), LOSSAN Rail Corridor Agency, and Caltrans employees and data from the 2022 Metro Customer Survey Study and Metrolink 2022 Rider Survey to analyze the barriers to fare integration. After reviewing data and exploring case studies of integrated transit systems worldwide, this report recommends three actions that LA Mero can consider to enhance fare integration and create seamless transfers between intercity and intercounty transit providers. (1) Establish Initiatives for Equitable Fare Policies, (2) Analyze Current Governance Structures and; (3) Enhance Physical Infrastructure at Transit Station Areas.