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Open Access Policy Deposits

This series is automatically populated with publications deposited by UC Santa Barbara Department of Education researchers in accordance with the University of California’s open access policies. For more information see Open Access Policy Deposits and the UC Publication Management System.

»A Space That Already Exists«

(2025)

Ligeti hat in seinen Partituren selten räumliche Anordnungen festgelegt ; wenn sie auftauchen, sind sie in der Regel bedingt durch spezifische dynamische und klangliche Anforderungen. Dennoch war die »Funktion des Raumes in der heutigen Musik« – um den Titel eines seiner Essays zu übernehmen – von zentraler Bedeutung für seine kompositorische Ästhetik. Wissenschaftler, die nach einer prägnanten Formel für dieses wichtige Konzept suchen, werden wohl verzweifeln, denn Ligeti versammelt alle möglichen Aspekte des musikalischen Raums unter einem großen metaphorischen Dach, da »weder in der alltäglichen Erfahrung noch im abstrakten Denken Zeit und Raum [...] trennbar« seien.Ligetis Schriften zur Form weisen einen interpretatorischen Weg durch dieses Dickicht. Der Hörer erlebt die Musik als eine Art umgekehrte, illusionäre Perspektive, in der Formen und Ereignisse – obwohl sie den »Raum« schaffen, den wir hören – in einem bereits existierenden Raum platziert erscheinen. Dieses rekursive kognitive Modell beginnt mit dem vom musikalischen Werk implizierten imaginären syntaktischen, historischen oder architektonischen Raum und arbeitet sich rückwärts zur phänomenologischen Erfahrung des Stücks vor : zu den Assoziationen, Abstraktionen, Erinnerungen und Vorhersagen, die den Hörer durch die zeitliche Entfaltung der Musik begleiten.Ich argumentiere weiterhin, dass Ligetis Konzeption des musikalischen Raums über einfache Tropen visueller Analogien und statischer Ausblicke hinausgeht und eine philosophische Konzeption umfasst, die – sowohl in seiner Musik als auch in seinen Schriften – die moderne Entwicklung von Harmonik, Instrumentation, Spieltechnik und Aufführungsraum direkt mit seiner Identifikation mit einer »kritischen Tradition« (Hermann Sabbe) verbindet. Im Gegensatz zu Adornos Vorstellung von musikalischer Tradition als sedimentierter Struktur überträgt Ligetis Metapher dem Gewicht der Vergangenheit eine Rolle außerhalb des Werks. Wenn die Geschichte immer schon ein imaginärer Raum ist, können die musikalische Substanz, die Rhetorik und der Affekt eines einzelnen Werks diesen Raum erweitern, in einer sich ständig verändernden Beziehung, die sich der statischen postmodernen oder historischen Lähmung widersetzt, um Ligetis Konzeption mit zeitgenössischen Anliegen in Bezug auf Materialität und Embodiment zu verbinden. Ligeti did not often specify spatial arrangements in his scores ; when they appear they are generally linked by necessity to the dynamic and timbral requirements of a work. Yet the »function of space in today’s music« – to borrow the title of one of his essays – was central to his compositional aesthetics. The scholar looking for a concise formula for this important conception may despair, as Ligeti seems to draw every possible aspect of musical space under one capacious metaphorical umbrella, given that »neither in everyday experience nor in abstract thinking are time and space separable«.Ligeti’s essays on form indicate an interpretive path through this thicket. Listeners experience music as a kind of inverted, illusionary perspective in which shapes and events – despite creating the ›space‹ we hear – appear placed in a space that already exists. This recursive cognitive model begins with the imaginary syntactic, historic or architectural space implied by a piece, and works backward to the phenomenological experience of that piece : the associations, abstractions, memories and predictions that accompany a listener through the work’s temporal unfolding.I further argue that Ligeti’s conception of musical space went beyond simple tropes of visual analogues and static vistas to embrace a philosophical conception – expressed in both his music and writings – that linked the modern evolution of harmonic languages, instruments, playing techniques and performance spaces directly to his invocation of a »critical tradition«, in the words of Hermann Sabbe. As opposed to Adorno’s notion of musical tradition as sedimented structure, Ligeti’s metaphor assigns the weight of the past a role external to the work. If history is always already an imaginary space, the musical substance, rhetoric, and affect of an individual work can operate to expand that space, in an ever-changing relation that resists static post-modern or historical paralysis, to link Ligeti’s conception to contemporary concerns with materiality and embodiment.

Cover page of Utopias and Their Discontents: Ligeti's Reception History as Modernist Meta-Narrative

Utopias and Their Discontents: Ligeti's Reception History as Modernist Meta-Narrative

(2024)

Abstract: Conservative critic John Borstlap cited Ligeti as a partisan in his fight against the modernist myth of progress in the arts, based on the famous citation “I am in a prison. One wall is the avant-garde, the other is the past. I want to escape.” Ligeti's ambivalence reflected his distaste for art linked to utopian socialist ideals, and for all that was reactionary. Yet he admitted that his own youthful utopian strivings evolved into a desire for complex music that often defied audibility. This essay traces Ligeti's reception history from the late 1950s onward as a reaction to the thwarted utopian strains in his music. For some, Ligeti's music of the 1960s seemed to define “the contemporary problem itself.” But the composer's increased visibility in the 1990s led to demands that he deal with his Jewish heritage and wartime trauma, and cease writing music with a broad appeal. I argue that Ligeti's works reinscribe the past, the personal, and the extramusical as a conscious expression of his prison. They express the nonlinear notion of progress that defines modernism: a vast “tear in the historical process” able to lift music above the scrum of political-aesthetic skirmishes, to a “region which lies elsewhere.”

Cover page of 'Are you dead, like us?’ The Liminal Status of the Undead in the Music of Ligeti

'Are you dead, like us?’ The Liminal Status of the Undead in the Music of Ligeti

(2022)

Ligeti's oeuvre contains two great representations of death: the Requiem and Le Grand Macabre. But these are no ordinary essays on mortality. Their musical substance and themes are often allied to the grotesque as a trope, in which the ugly and deformed appear as characters and their actions in the opera, or musical techniques pushed beyond acceptable limits in the Requiem and other works. In taking the title of our conference at face value, I wish to show how the grotesque in such readings is but a mask for a peculiar relationship with death found throughout Ligeti's work: a sign of the undead, that life substance which persists beyond life, in defiance of social and symbolic norms. In this paper I will identify how, in the opera and in instrumental works, Ligeti adopts narrative and musical positions that could be called grotesque, with reference to Julie Brown and Esti Sheinberg's application of the grotesque to music by Bartók and Shostakovich. But I will further show how these grotesque elements—as a negation of the proper, of narrative laws and musical conventions—were already implicit within those conventions, retroactively inscribed as their vulgar support. As such, the grotesque in Ligeti embodies the threshold between a symbolic life and death: one made literal in the plot of Le Grand Macabre but existing metaphorically in Continuum, the Chamber Concerto, and the Études for piano.