Today, we are in the midst of a technology panic characterized by a fearful response to the rapid, nearly universal adoption of a new technology by preschool-aged children which did not exist a relatively short time ago: internet-connected touch screens. The focus on screen harms from some voices within child development research, professional organizations, news media, and lay groups effect policy which in turn can impact family life and daily activities that are important to children. I endeavor to contextualize screen use in the daily lives of children and better represent the voice of the young child in the screen use debate. To approach these goals, I conducted a year-long, multi-case ethnography of 15 children aged 3 or 4 at the start of data collection from 13 diverse families across multiple communities in Southern California. I found that young children’s media use may be best understood as an ecologically situated process involving the interplay between the content, the child, their family, community, and societal spheres. Children’s media behaviors are supported or constrained by a range of resource, culture, and policy factors specific to family and community background. I argue that policy makers and technology designers are better served by an ecological perspective if they wish to understand how digital content used by children in sociocultural context.

The section of the Trans-Canada Highway (TCH) that bisects Banff National Park, Alberta supports the highest volume of traffic of any road in the North American national park system and is recognized as an important stressor to the ecological integrity of the central Canadian Rockies. Wide-ranging carnivores, such as grizzly (Ursus arctos) and black bears (U. americanus), are particularly vulnerable to road mortality and habitat fragmentation caused by roads. In order to mitigate these negative impacts on wildlife, twenty-four crossing structures have been constructed across the TCH. Over a decade of intensive study of these wildlife crossings has shown they reduce mortality and maintain wildlife movements. Track pads have recorded both bear species crossing the TCH on 1389 occasions, but the number of different individuals using the crossings, their genders and the demographic and genetic benefits of the crossings for populations remain unknown. In 2004 and 2005, a pilot study was conducted at two of the crossing structures to evaluate the feasibility of using a barbed wire hair sampling system to determine the number of individual male and female grizzly and black bears pass¬ing through the crossings. Based on the results of that pilot study, a three-year research project was initiated in 2006 to evaluate the conservation benefits of wildlife crossing structures for grizzly and black bear populations in the Bow Valley of Banff National Park. The hair sampling system was installed at 22 of 24 of the crossing structures to deter¬mine the total number of male and female bears using the crossings and the populations of grizzly and black bears in the Bow Valley surrounding the TCH were also sampled using a combination of hair snares and rub tree surveys. The genetic information derived from the hair samples will be used to: assess the effectiveness of different types of crossing structures, estimate the population sizes for both bear species in the Bow Valley, calculate the proportion of the population using the crossings and quantify the level of movement and gene flow across the TCH. This poster highlights our research objectives and presents some of the preliminary results from the 2006 field season. 12 grizzly bears (7 males, 5 females) and 11 black bears (7 males, 4 females) were identified from the samples collected at the crossing structures and 40 black bears (16 males, 24 females) and sixty-three grizzlies (37 males, 26 females) were identified from the samples collected from the hair snares and rub trees. These data will be analyzed using a combination of population viability analysis and landscape genetics approaches to assess the demographic and genetic benefits of wildlife crossings for bear populations in the Bow Valley. Wildlife crossings are gaining recognition as an effective method for reducing road-caused mortality and maintaining wildlife movement, but the conservation benefits of crossings for bears at the population-level has yet to be evaluated.

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