Osteocytes are the most numerous cells in bone, working from within the mineralized matrix to exert control over their local environment and cells on the bone surface. Healthy osteocytes are key to bone homeostasis, but the full functional importance of their local remodeling activity, called perilacunar/canalicular remodeling (PLR), is only recently being discovered. This work uses multiple mouse models to investigate the molecular mechanisms controlling osteocyte PLR and demonstrates that repression of PLR causes severe loss of bone material quality. Additionally, osteocyte dysfunction is shown to disrupt bone homeostasis during skeletal disease and to promote degradation of overlying cartilage in the joint. Finally, we begin to determine the extent to which PLR is mechanosensitive, revealing distinct site- and magnitude-specific modulation of osteocyte behavior with applied load. Together these findings reveal new essential roles for osteocytes and PLR within bone and joints during homeostasis and disease.

In Image and Text, No. 2 in the Occasional Papers series, poet Robert Pinsky and artist Michael Mazur discuss their collaboration in producing, as translator and illustrator respectively, the most recent translation of Dante's Inferno. The dialogue turns into a lively consideration of writing, hearing, and seeing texts.

Pinsky and Mazur begin by discussing the history of their involvement, both individually and collectively, with Dante. Michael Mazur in particular relates how he first experienced Dante while living in Florence as an art student in the 1950s. The discussion alternates with passages from the Inferno and the accompanying illustrations, reproduced in whole or in detail in Image and Text.

The two speakers discuss how the process of illustration and the process of translation often progressed simultaneously for years, sometimes involving deeply appreciative communication between the two, and, sometimes, frank discussions of one-another's attempts to re-render this monumental work in English. The volume includes some of the unpublished illustrations that were not selected for publication in the final volume, and also contains some sources for the monotypes that Michael Mazur produced for this translation. Likewise, Robert Pinsky discusses some of the methods he used to translate the poem, and the qualities of Dante's poetry that make him both technically interesting and thematically immediate to many generations.

In the open discussion that follows the dialogue, Robert Pinsky discusses in more detail the process by which he became fascinated with the religiosity of Western Christian poetry (Milton and Dante in particular) and how this interest combined with his enthusiasm for the terza rima's technical complexity to complete the translation--a project that was originally an experiment in poetic rendition.

This Occasional Paper is a good companion piece to the new Dante translation as well as a lucid discussion of the many issues involved in creating a modern illustrated book with an esteemed, canonical text.