A membership inference attack is a method of extracting the training data from machine learning models. Previous analysis has characterized the worst case vulnerability to membership inference by instantiating the attack algorithm as the Bayes Optimal Classifier. We extend these findings by developing practical estimators for the worst case vulnerability on a sub-class of membership inference problems that are easy to compute without resorting to computationally expensive privacy auditing techniques. Extensive simulation studies are conducted on real world data sets to show that privacy auditing techniques, such as shadow modeling, can be replaced with the proposed worst case estimators. Furthermore, we examine the notion of disparity in membership inference: that some subgroups of the population are easier to identify in the training data set than others. We use a framework to quantify the degree of disparity and demonstrate that several real world models exhibit disparity in membership inference. We advocate that average metrics of attack accuracy, commonly usedin the privacy auditing literature, do not reliably convey the difference in privacy risks across different levels of the population.
Restoring native grassland along roadsides can provide a relatively low-maintenance, drought-tolerant and stable perennial vegetative cover with reduced weed growth, as opposed to the high-maintenance invasive annual cover (requiring intensive mowing and herbicide treatments) that dominates most Sacramento Valley roadsides. A survey of long-established roadside native-grass plantings in Yolo County showed that once established and protected from disturbance, such plantings can persist with minimal maintenance for more than a decade, retaining a high proportion of native species. The survey also showed that each species of native perennial grass displays a microhabitat preference for particular roadside topographic positions, and that native perennial grass cover is negatively affected by disturbance.
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