UC Berkeley

Bipolar membranes in electrochemical CO₂ conversion cells enable different reaction environments in the CO₂-reduction and O₂-evolution compartments. Under ideal conditions, water-splitting in the bipolar membrane allows for platinum-group-metal-free anode materials and high CO₂ utilizations. In practice, however, even minor unwanted ion crossover limits stability to short time periods. Here we report the vital role of managing ionic species to improve CO₂ conversion efficiency while preventing acidification of the anodic compartment. Through transport modelling, we identify that an anion-exchange ionomer in the catalyst layer improves local bicarbonate availability and increasing the proton transference number in the bipolar membranes increases CO₂ regeneration and limits K⁺ concentration in the cathode region. Through experiments, we show that a uniform local distribution of bicarbonate ions increases the accessibility of reverted CO₂ to the catalyst surface, improving Faradaic efficiency and limiting current densities by twofold. Using these insights, we demonstrate a fully platinum-group-metal-free bipolar membrane electrode assembly CO₂ conversion system exhibiting <1% CO₂/cation crossover rates and 80-90% CO₂-to-CO utilization efficiency over 150 h operation at 100 mA cm^-2 without anolyte replenishment.