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From Intermittent to Continuous Water Supply A Household-level Evaluation of Water System Reforms in Hubli–Dharwad
- Ray, I;
- Billava, N;
- Burt, Z;
- Colford, JM;
- Ercümen, A;
- Jayaramu, KP;
- Kumpel, E;
- Nayak, N;
- Nelson, K;
- Woelfle-Erskine, C
Abstract
Employingamatchedcohortresearchdesign,eight wardswithintermittentwatersupply arecomparedto eightwardsupgradedtocontinuous(24x7)supplyina demonstrationprojectinHubli–Dharwad,Karnataka, withrespecttotapwaterquality,childhealth, waterstoragepractices,andcopingcostsacross socio-economicstrata.Waterconsumptionandwastein theintermittentzones,andthepotentialforscale-upof continuoussupplytotheentirecity,areestimated.Itwas foundthatthe24x7projectimprovedwaterquality,did notimproveoverallchildhealth,butdidreduceserious waterborneillnessesinthelowest-incomestrata, reducedthecostsofwaiting,increasedmonthlywater bills,andpotentiallyreducedwatersecurityforsomeof thepooresthouseholds.
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