We have developed an analysis toolbox called NUTMEG (Neurodynamic Utility Toolbox for Magnetoencephalography) for reconstructing the spatiotemporal dynamics of neural activations and overlaying them onto structural MR images. The toolbox runs under MATLAB in conjunction with SPM2 and can be used with the Linux/UNIX, Mac OS X, and even Windows platforms. Currently, evoked magnetic field data from 4-D Neuroimaging, CTF, and KIT systems can be imported to the toolbox for analysis. NUTMEG uses an eigenspace vector beamforming algorithm to generate a tomographic reconstruction of spatiotemporal magnetic source activity over selected time intervals and spatial regions. The MEG coordinate frame is coregistered with an anatomical MR image using fiducial locations and, optionally, head shape information. This allows the reconstruction to be superimposed onto an MRI to provide a convenient visual correspondence to neuroanatomy. Navigating through the MR volume automatically updates the displayed time series of activation for the selected voxel. Animations can also be generated to view the evolution of neural activity over time. Since NUTMEG displays activations using SPM2's engine, certain SPM functions such as brain rendering and spatial normalization may be applied as well. Finally, as a MATLAB package, the end user can easily add customized functions. Source code is available at http://bil.ucsf.edu/ and distributed under a BSD-style license.

Determining the condition of a fishery is a first step in its administration. It is equally as important to learn that a fishery is withstanding a strain as to know that it is being overexploited. If depletion is evident, legislation should be passed to give protection. When the status of a fishery is in question the length of time taken to determine this status is a big factor and the administrator should be advised in the least time possible whether or not protection is necessary. By using the method of determining the return per unit of effort expended as a criterion these needs are met; provided statistics over a long period of years have been collected to give the return per unit of effort. In California the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of the Division of Fish and Game has been gathering statistics since 1918 for analyses of its fisheries. By legal requirement the fish buyer records the amount of each species purchased, port of delivery, price, fisherman's name, boat name, boat number, and the date. This record is made out in triplicate in a receipt book issued free of charge by the Division of Fish and Game to all fish buyers. The fisherman's copy is a white receipt, the buyer's yellow, and that of the Division of Fish and Game pink (known as the "pink ticket"). These pink tickets provide the required data for a catch analysis when the catches are the product of one day's fishing. When the catches are the product of more than one day's fishing, the pink tickets are apt to be inadequate because the unit of effort frequently fluctuates. In a fishery where the catches are landed each day, the unit of effort will be one day's fishing, and the amount of fish caught will be the return. As this method of determining increase or decrease of return per unit of effort is a comparison from year to year, it is necessary that the unit of effort remain constant. This means that the gear of the boat as well as the time interval must remain unchanged throughout the period of investigation. The question as to the condition of the population of white sea bass, Cynoscion nobilis, a species of the Croaker family, has been brought to the attention of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. As it is the function of the California State Fisheries Laboratory of the Division of Fish and Game to determine the condition of the commercial fisheries of California, the following investigation has been pursued.

The plume dynamics in the presence of an ambient gas is very intriguing physics. The expansion of a laser-produced plasma in the presence of an ambient gas leads to internal plume structures, plume splitting, sharpening, confinement, etc. We investigated propagation dynamics of an expanding tin plume for various spot sizes using a fast visible plume imaging and Faraday cup diagnostic tools. Our results indicate that the sharpening of the plume depends strongly on the spot size. With a smaller spot size, the lateral expansion is found to be higher and the plume expansion is spherical while with a larger spot size the plume expansion is more cylindrical. Analysis of time resolved imaging also showed internal structures inside the plume.

Optical emission spectroscopic studies of laser-created argon sparks are carried out. Pulses of 532 nm and 8 ns from a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser are used to create an argon spark at 1 atm. Gated photography of 2 ns is used to investigate spark evolution at early times. Electron temperature and density measurements are made from the spectral data. The Stark broadening of emission lines is used to determine the electron density, and the Boltzmann plot of the singly ionized argon-line intensities is exploited for determination of the electron temperature. The dependence on electron temperature and density on different experimental parameters, such as distance from the focal point, delay time after the initiation of the spark, and laser energy, are discussed. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America.

Optical emission spectroscopic studies have been carried out on a tin plasma generated using 1064-nm, 8-ns pulses from a Nd: yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Temperature and density were estimated from the analysis of spectral data. The temperature measurements have been performed by Boltzmann diagram method using singly ionized Sn lines, while density measurements were made using the Stark broadening method. An initial temperature of 3.2 eV and density of 7.7 1017 cm−3 were measured. Temporal and spatial behaviors of electron temperature and density in the laser-generated tin plasma have been analyzed. Time evolutions of density and temperature are found to decay adiabatically at early times. The spatial variation of density shows approximately 1/ z dependence. The time-integrated temperature exhibits an appreciable rise at distances greater than 7 mm. This may be caused by the deviation from local thermodynamic equilibrium at larger distances from the target surface.

California is unusually fortunate because among her varied natural resources she has a large marine fish population in the waters along her thousand-mile coast line. Her ocean fisheries rank near the top in the natural wealth of the state.

The value derived from the possession of an extensive fish population of varied species can not be expressed wholly by a monetary standard. Besides supplying food, the fisheries of California have afforded recreation to the people of the state and nation, for every year thousands enjoy the privilege of catching marine fish at the surf or out on the ocean in boats.

The people of California should know the magnitude of their fisheries and to what extent they are being utilized. If a species is being depleted it should be given protection by efficient legislation. It is equally important to know which of the fisheries has no need of protection, so that legislation will not be passed which would hinder the efficient use of that fishery. The following report of the investigation of the bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) has been written to advise the people of California as to this fishery.

The report is divided into three parts: (1) general information about the species, (2) description of the gear and fishing methods of the commercial fishermen, and (3) description of the analysis of boat catches.

A family of catadioptric imaging systems has been developed that can achieve omnidirectional viewing with a single planar imager while still being able to recover perspective images, provided that they satisfy the single-viewpoint (SVP) constraint. It has been shown that the only mirror shapes that can have SVP when paired with a sole focusing planar imager camera are the surfaces of revolution of conic section curves. However, the special case of such a surface, the cone-shaped mirror itself, has not been deemed a viable SVP mirror shape. We present a comprehensive imaging theory of the cone mirror in its SVP configuration. We show that the SVP, cone mirror catadioptric system not only is practical but also has unique advantages for certain applications. The detailed theory explains why and how a practical SVP cone configuration can be set up, the merits and weaknesses of such systems, and how one can remedy the weaknesses to create a workable imaging system. We also derive the tolerance formula for estimating effects of alignment errors. A prototype has been constructed, and experimental results validate our theory. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

We present here a comprehensive imaging theory about cone mirrors in a single-view-point (SVP) configuration and show that an SVP cone mirror catadioptric system is not only practical but also has unique advantages for certain applications. We show its merits and weaknesses and how to build a workable system.