The long trace profiler (LTP) is a basic metrology tool for highly accurate testing the figure of X-ray optics with slope variations on the order of one micro-radian rms. The LTP records the local slope profile of a surface by measuring the reflection angle of a laser probe beam as the beam is transported across the surface by an air bearing carriage. Beginning with the second generation LTP systems, a reference arm in addition to the probe arm is used to subtract the systematic errors related to laser pointing instability and carriage wiggling. The probe and the reference beams produce separate spatial patterns of interference fringes on corresponding position-sensitive detectors. The position of a pattern depends on reflection angle for the beam. Separation between the probe and reference patterns is a measure of the slope of the mirror surface at the point of measurement. The origin of the 'ghost' effect is the cross-contamination of the probe and reference signals one into another. As the 'ghost' signal overlaps with the primary signal, the computed centroid of the pattern changes depending on the relative position of the 'ghost' leading to the systematic perturbation in the measured slope trace of about 1-2 ?rad. The 'ghost' effect is significantly increased for a cylindrical or a twisted mirror, because the interference feature from the probe arm moves not only tangentially along the corresponding detector array, but also in the sagittal direction, spilling onto the detector for the reference arm lying parallel to it. The main results of this work are a new improved LTP data acquisition technique, and special software developed to reduce this systematic effect. The idea is to separately measure the 'ghost' features in both arms and then subtract the 'ghost' intensities from the corresponding interference patterns. The procedure preserves the advantage of simultaneously measuring the probe and reference signals. A series of successive LTP intensity measurements with open and blocked beams are linearly combined with a specially developed program based on National Instruments LabVIEW software. The program constructs new probe and reference intensity files, which are then fitted with the usual LTP fitting procedure to find corrected slope values. The effectiveness of the proposed method for minimizing the LTP systematic error due to the 'ghost' effect is illustrated with LTP metrology of a variety of X-ray mirrors. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC03-76SF00098.

Resistive heating of a sample in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) can generate a homogeneous temperature field across the sample chamber with reliable temperatures measured by a thermocouple. It is of importance in experiments aiming at exploring phase diagrams and quantifying thermoelastic properties of materials. Here, we present a ring-heater design developed for BX90 diamond anvil cells (DACs). It is made of a ring-shaped aluminum oxide holder hosting a tungsten wire coil inside and coupled with Ar + 2% H₂ gas to prevent oxidation during experiment. This modular plug-and-play design enables in situ studies of samples via x-ray diffraction up to a temperature of 1700 K. Temperature in the BX90 sample volume as measured through a thermocouple was calibrated using the melting point of gold. As an application of this design, we report the thermal expansion coefficient of MgO at 9.5(1) GPa.

The alloy Cu25Au30Zn45 undergoes a huge first-order phase transformation (6% strain) and shows a high reversibility under thermal cycling and an unusual martensitc microstructure in sharp contrast to its nearby compositions. This alloy was discovered by systematically tuning the composition so that its lattice parameters satisfy the cofactor conditions (i.e., the kinematic conditions of compatibility between phases). It was conjectured that satisfaction of these conditions is responsible for the enhanced reversibility as well as the observed unusual fluid-like microstructure during transformation, but so far, there has been no direct evidence confirming that these observed microstructures are those predicted by the cofactor conditions. To verify this hypothesis, we use synchrotron X-ray Laue microdiffraction to measure the orientations and structural parameters of variants and phases near the austenite/martensite interface. The areas consisting of both austenite and multi-variants of martensite are scanned by microLaue diffraction. The cofactor conditions have been examined from the kinematic relation of lattice vectors across the interface. The continuity condition of the interface is precisely verified from the correspondent lattice vectors between two phases.