Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society

Any language model must decide what to say in novel contexts based on information from similar contexts. But what about contexts that are not novel but merely infrequent? In hierarchical regression, the model's predictions for behavior in a context are affected by observations from similar contexts to the extent that 1) the current context is infrequent and 2) different contexts behave similarly. This is called adaptive partial pooling. This paper shows that next-word predictions of a transformer (GPT2) are affected by observations from outside the current context, but this pooling reduces with more training. Pooling is affected by context frequency, context number (type frequency) and context variability in a qualitatively similar way to hierarchical regression. However, there is a "sweet spot" in training at which the transformer best matches the behavior of hierarchical regression. This is the point at which the effect of context frequency on pooling is at maximum.