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Selectivity metrics provide misleading estimates of the selectivity of single units inneural networks
Abstract
To understand the representations learned by neural networks(NNs), various methods of measuring unit selectivity havebeen developed. Here we undertake a comparison of four suchmeasures on AlexNet: localist selectivity (Bowers et al., 2014);precision (Zhou et al., 2015); class-conditional mean activityselectivity CCMAS (Morcos et al., 2018); and top-class se-lectivity. In contrast with previous work on recurrent neuralnetworks (RNNs), we fail to find any 100% selective ‘local-ist units’ in AlexNet, and demonstrate that the precision andCCMAS measures are misleading and suggest a much higherlevel of selectivity than is warranted. We also generated ac-tivation maximization (AM) images that maximally activatedindividual units and found that under (5%) of units in fc6 andconv5 produced interpretable images of objects, whereas fc8produced over 50% interpretable images. Furthermore, theinterpretable images in the hidden layers were not associatedwith highly selective units. We also consider why localist rep-resentations are learned in RNNs and not AlexNet.
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